IFPRI Publications http://imlsdcc.grainger.uiuc.edu/gateway.net/oai.aspx/www.ifpri.org/oai.xml 2.0 m.bayeh@cgiar.org 2005-06-30 no YYYY-MM-DD oai_dc http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ oai:ifpri.org:150 2008-06-02 Managing interactions between household food security and preschooler health Haddad, Lawrence James Bhattarai, Saroj Immink, Maarten D. C. Kumar, Shubh K. 1996 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Food security Ethiopia. Malnutrition in children Ethiopia. Food security Pakistan. Malnutrition in children Pakistan. Food security Philippines. Malnutrition in children Philippines. Food security does not assure good nutrition. The nutritional status of an individual is influenced not only by food but also by nonfood factors, such as clean water, sanitation, and health care. The effect of all of these factors must be considered in efforts to rid the world of malnutrition. Food security will result in good nutrition only if nonfood factors are effectively dealt with. In this paper, Lawrence Haddad, Saroj Bhattarai, Maarten Immink, and Shubh Kumar show how malnutrition among preschool children is determined by a complex interaction of illness and lack of food. The authors look at three countries Ethiopia, Pakistan, and the Philippines to study how food availability and diarrhea interact and what this interaction means for preschooler malnutrition. Their results show that the links between food consumption, diarrhea, and malnutrition are stronger than most economic studies have assumed. When diarrhea is prevalent, the effects of food shortages on child malnutrition are worse, and when food is scarce, the effects of diarrhea on child malnutrition are worse. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/dp16.pdf 468K oai:ifpri.org:151 2008-06-02 Middle East water conflicts and directions for conflict resolution Wolf, Aaron T. 1996 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Water resources development Middle East. Water-supply Middle East Management. In looking toward 2020, one of the most severe problems to be faced is an impending shortage of adequate supplies of fresh water essential for drinking and for growing crops. The Middle East, where a few waterways serve large areas of land belonging to a number of nations, is the place where strife over water is most likely to erupt. This paper examines the past how water in the Middle East came to be divided as it is today and looks at possible solutions for alleviating a water crisis and the resulting political tensions. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/dp12.pdf 275K oai:ifpri.org:173 2008-06-02 Designing a data entry and verification system Tatian, Peter A. 1992 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Agriculture Economic aspects Developing countries Data processing Planning. Agriculture Economic aspects Niger Data processing Planning Case studies. Agriculture Economic aspects Senegal Data processing Planning Case studies. oai:ifpri.org:226 2008-06-02 The determinants of demand for micronutrients:an analysis of rural households in Bangladesh Bouis, Howarth E. Novenario-Reese, Mary Jane G. 1997 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Micronutrients. Bangladesh. Nutrition programs. Vitamin deficiency. Micronutrient deficiencies are particularly severe in Bangladesh. Understanding howhousehold income, food prices, parental education and nutritional knowledge, and culturally-based customs and food preferences interact to determine food consumption patterns (particularly for nonstaple foods), and so micronutrient intake, can provide crucial information for designing policies and intervention programs to improve human nutrition. Within the typical dietary patterns of the Bangladeshi survey population, the key food group with respect to micronutrient consumption is vegetables, providing nearly 95 percent of vitamin A intake, 75 percent of vitamin C intake, and 25 percent of iron intake. Vegetables are the least expensive sources of all of these nutrients. Vegetables are sufficiently inexpensive sources of vitamin A and vitamin C that they could provide the RDA within normal dietary patterns and the budgets of low-income groups. There is no corresponding inexpensive source of iron. Programs to educate consumers about the importance of meeting recommended daily allowances of vitamin A and vitamin C and about commonly eaten sources of these nutrients has the potential for improving intake. Because a high proportion of vitamin A and vitamin C intake apparently comes from own-production, extension programs to promote growing specific vitamin A and vitamin C rich foods not only would provide households with a ready supply of these nutrients, but increased production could bring the local price down. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/dp32.pdf 325K oai:ifpri.org:234 2008-06-02 Environmental aspects of agricultural development. 1990. Washington, D.C. : International Food Policy Research Institute ( IFPRI), [1990] Agricultural development Environmental aspects. oai:ifpri.org:252 2008-06-02 Water markets in Pakistan:participation and productivity Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela Sullins, Martha 1994 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Water Management. Irrigation water Economic aspects Pakistan. Groundwater Economic aspects Pakistan. Water markets provide one of the most promising institutional mechanisms for increasing access to irrigation from groundwater, particularly for tenants and small farmers. While water markets are found in all provinces of Pakistan, they are most prevalent in canal irrigated areas of Punjab and in NWFP. This study reviews the emerging literature on water markets and uses farm-level survey data to examine the performance of groundwater markets, with particular emphasis on Faisalabad District in Punjab and Dir District in NWFP. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/eptdp04.pdf 237K oai:ifpri.org:266 2008-06-02 Agricultura, medio ambiente y pobreza rural en Amrica Latina Reca, Lucio G., comp. Echeverria, Ruben G., comp. 1998 Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) Agriculture Environmental aspects Latin America. Sustainable agriculture Latin America. Rural poor Latin America. Latin America Environmental conditions. oai:ifpri.org:275 2008-06-02 Can qualitative and quantitative methods serve complementary purposes for policy research?:evidence from Accra Maxwell, Daniel G. 1998 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Nutrition Research. Social sciences Methodology. Qualitative and quantitative methods in social science research have long been separate spheres with little overlap. However, recent innovations have highlighted the complementarity of qualitative and quantitative approaches. The Accra Food and Nutrition Security Study was designed to incorporate the participation of a variety of constituencies in the research, and to rely on a variety of approaches both qualitative and quantitative to data collection and analysis. This paper reviews the way in which qualitative and quantitative methods were used in the Accra study. The argument of the paper is that the complementary use of qualitative and quantitative approaches provides a greater range of insights and perspectives and permits triangulation or the confirmation of findings by different methods, which improves the overall validity of results, and makes the study of greater use to the constituencies to which it was intended to be addressed. But the search for truly complementary methods presents substantial challenges as well. These include extra costs, both in financial and human terms, ethical dilemmas regarding follow-up, and the need for teamwork and respect for different methodological and epistemological positions. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/dp40.pdf 214K oai:ifpri.org:285 2008-06-02 Government spending, growth and poverty:an analysis of interlinkages in rural India Fan, Shenggen Hazell, P. B. R. Thorat, Sukhadeo 1998 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Employment (Economic theory) India. Poverty. Rural poor India. Public investment. Agricultural development. Poverty in rural India has declined substantially in recent decades. This steady decline in poverty was strongly associated with agricultural growth, particularly the green revolution, which in turn was a response to massive public investments in agriculture and rural infrastructure. Public investment in rural areas has also benefitted the poor through its impact on the growth of the rural non-farm economy, and government expenditure on rural poverty and employment programs,which has grown rapidly, has directly benefitted the rural poor. The primary purpose of this study is to investigate the causes of the decline in rural poverty in India, and particularly to disentangle the specific role that government investments have played. We seek to quantify the effectiveness of different types of government expenditures in contributing to poverty alleviation. The study uses state level data for 1970 to 1993 to estimate an econometric model that permits calculation of the number of poor people raised above the poverty line for each additional million rupees spent on different expenditure items. The model is also structured to enable identification of the different channels through which different types of government expenditures impact on the poor. But targeting government expenditures simply to reduce poverty is not sufficient. Government expenditures also need to stimulate economic growth. The model is therefore formulated so as to measure the growth as well as the poverty impact of different items of government expenditure. The results from our model show that government spending on productivity enhancing investments, such as agricultural R&D and irrigation, rural infrastructure (including roads and electricity), and rural development targeted directly on the rural poor, have all contributed to reductions in rural poverty, and most have also contributed to growth in agricultural productivity. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/eptdp33.pdf 443K oai:ifpri.org:299 2008-06-02 Fertilizer pricing policy in Bangladesh Stone, Bruce, ed. 1987 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Fertilizers Bangladesh. Prices Government policy Bangladesh. oai:ifpri.org:318 2008-06-02 The impact of technical change in agriculture on human fertility:district-level evidence from India Vosti, Stephen A. Witcover, Julie Lipton, Michael 1994 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Green Revolution India. Green technology. Fertility, Human India. Agricultural innovations. Green Revolution technologies were developed and promoted to boost food supplies and foster development, both of which were expected to create "breathing space" for achieving demographic transitions in developing countries through lowered human fertility. Little comprehensive research, however, has been done on the effects of those technologies themselves on human fertility leaving unanswered the question of whether particular types of agricultural technologies were actually increasing, or decreasing, this demographic "breathing space." This paper uses District-level data from rural India on agricultural change (from 1961 to 1981) and changes in human fertility (from 1971 to 1981) to assess the impact of the former on the latter, with particular emphasis on high yielding (HYV) Green Revolution technologies. Modifying a conceptual framework derived from theory on the determinants of fertility, and estimating a reduced form model that explicitly accounts for endogeneity of real wage growth, we find that, while socio-cultural and demographic factors were the strongest determinants of fertility change: a) Green Revolution and related technologies did have an impact on fertility change; b) that the magnitude and direction of this impact was technology specific; and c) that the impact was only partially due to the effect of the new technologies on changes in real wage growth. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/eptdp05.pdf 363K oai:ifpri.org:339 2008-06-02 Hidden harvest:U.S. benefits from international research aid Pardey, Philip G. Alston, Julian M. Christian, Jason E. Fan, Shenggen 1996 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Agricultural assistance, American Economic aspects Developing countries. Agricultural research Developing countries Finance. Investments, American Developing countries. "This report spells out the benefits to the United States from its partnership with the CGIAR. Using wheat and rice to illustrate the gains from international research on important food crops, the report shows that U.S. investments in CGIAR wheat and rice research have paid off many times over for U.S. farmers" Pref. oai:ifpri.org:341 2008-06-02 Reforming water allocation policy through markets in tradable water rights:lessons from Chile, Mexico, and California Rosegrant, Mark W. Gazmuri, Renato 1994 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Water-supply Management. Irrigation. Right of property. Water rights. Trade regulation. Increasing water scarcity, rising costs of irrigation subsidies, and general economic liberalization are creating strong incentives for comprehensive water reform with establishment of tradable water rights and the development of markets in these rights. Experiences in Chile, Mexico, and California indicate that water allocation through markets in tradable water rights offers a viable approach to improving the efficiency of water allocation, and should receive serious consideration from developing country policy makers. Laws establishing tradable rights should be simple and comprehensive, should clearly define the characteristics of water rights and the conditions and regulations governing the trade of water rights; should establish and implement water rights registers; delineate the roles of the government, institutions, and individuals involved in water allocation and the ways of solving conflicts between them; and provide cost-effective protection against negative third party and environmental effects which can arise from water trades. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/eptdp06.pdf 211K oai:ifpri.org:413 2008-06-02 Potential of agricultural exports to finance increased food imports in selected developing countries. Valdes, Alberto. Huddleston, Barbara. 1977. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Food industry and trade Developing countries Finance Congresses. Commercial policy Developing countries Congresses. oai:ifpri.org:415 2008-06-02 Recent and prospective developments in food consumption:some policy issues Gavan, James D. Strauss, John Skellie, Diane Hathaway, Dale E. International Food Policy Research Institute 1977 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Food supply Developing countries. Food consumption Developing countries. oai:ifpri.org:416 2008-06-02 Food needs of developing countries:projections of production and consumption to 1990 IFPRI Paulino, Leonardo 1977 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Food consumption Developing countries. Food industry and trade Developing countries. Economic forecasting. oai:ifpri.org:417 2008-06-02 Food security:an insurance approach Konandreas, Panos A. Huddleston, Barbara Virabongsa Ramangkura 1978 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Food supply Developing countries. Insurance, Food supply. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/rr04.pdf 3.1MB oai:ifpri.org:418 2008-06-02 Impact of subsidized rice on food consumption and nutrition in Kerala Kumar, Shubh K. 1979 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Nutrition surveys India Kerala (State) Food relief India Kerala (State) Rice India Kerala (State) oai:ifpri.org:419 2008-06-02 Intersectoral factor mobility and agricultural growth Mundlak, Yair 1979 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Agriculture Economic aspects Japan Mathematical models. Rural development Japan Mathematical models. Rural-urban migration Japan Mathematical models. oai:ifpri.org:420 2008-06-02 Public distribution of foodgrains in Kerala:income distribution implications and effectiveness George, P. S. (Poykayil Simon) 1979 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Food supply India Kerala. Grain trade India Kerala. Income distribution India Kerala. oai:ifpri.org:421 2008-06-02 Foodgrain supply, distribution, and consumption policies within a dual pricing mechanism:a case study of Bangladesh Ahmed, Raisuddin 1979 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Food supply Bangladesh. Rice Bangladesh Marketing. Rice Prices Bangladesh. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/rr08.pdf 2.57MB oai:ifpri.org:422 2008-06-02 Brazil's minimum price policy and the agricultural sector of northeast Brazil Fox, Roger W. 1979 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Agricultural price supports Brazil, Northeast. Agriculture Economic aspects Brazil, Northeast. Agricultural credit Brazil, Northeast. Agricultural price supports Brazil. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/rr09.pdf 2.78MB oai:ifpri.org:423 2008-06-02 Investment and input requirements for accelerating food production in low-income countries by 1990 Oram, Peter A. Zapata, Juan Antonio Alibaruho, George Roy, Shyamal 1979 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Food production Developing countries. Agricultural policy Developing countries. oai:ifpri.org:424 2008-06-02 Two analyses of Indian foodgrain production and consumption data Sarma, J. S. Roy, Shyamal George, P. S. (Poykayil Simon) 1979 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Grain trade India. Food consumption India. Food supply India. oai:ifpri.org:425 2008-06-02 The impact of public foodgrain distribution on food consumption and welfare in Sri Lanka Gavan, James D. Sri Chandrasekera, Indrani 1979 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Food supply Sri Lanka. Food consumption Sri Lanka. Food distribution Sri Lanka. oai:ifpri.org:426 2008-06-02 Developed-country agricultural policies and developing-country food supplies:the case of wheat Josling, Timothy Edward 1980 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Wheat trade. Agricultural policy. oai:ifpri.org:427 2008-06-02 Food production in the People's Republic of China Tang, Anthony M. Stone, Bruce 1980 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Agriculture Economic aspects China. Agricultural policy China. Food production China. Agriculture China. Grain China. oai:ifpri.org:428 2008-06-02 Rapid food production growth in selected developing countries:a comparative analysis of underlying trends, 1961-76 Bachman, Kenneth Leroy Paulino, Leonardo A. 1979 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Food production Developing countries. Food industry and trade Developing countries. oai:ifpri.org:429 2008-06-02 Agricultural research policy in Nigeria Idachaba, Francis Sulemanu 1980 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Agricultural research Nigeria. Agricultural policy Nigeria. oai:ifpri.org:431 2008-06-02 A comparative study of FAO and USDA data on production, area, and trade of major food staples Paulino, Leonardo A. Tseng, Shen Sheng 1980 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Food production Statistical services. Agricultural productivity Statistical services. Produce trade Statistical services. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. United States. Dept. of Agriculture. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/rr19.pdf 2.34M oai:ifpri.org:432 2008-06-02 Impact of irrigation and labor availability on multiple cropping:a case study of India Narain, Dharm Roy, Shyamal 1980 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Multiple cropping India. Irrigation India. Labor supply India. oai:ifpri.org:433 2008-06-02 Agricultural protection in OECD countries:its cost to less-developed countries Valdes, Alberto Zietz, Joachim A. 1980 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Farm produce. Food supply. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Commercial policy. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/rr21.pdf 3.2M oai:ifpri.org:434 2008-06-02 Estimates of Soviet grain imports in 1980-85:alternative approaches Desai, Padma 1981 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Grain trade Soviet Union. oai:ifpri.org:435 2008-06-02 Government expenditures on agriculture in Latin America Elas, Victor Jorge 1981 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Agricultural policy Latin America. Agriculture Economic aspects Latin America. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/rr23.pdf 3.1M oai:ifpri.org:436 2008-06-02 The effects of exchange rates and commercial policy on agricultural incentives in Colombia, 1953-1978 Garca Garca, Jorge 1981 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Agriculture Economic aspects Colombia. Agricultural policy Colombia. Colombia Commercial policy. Foreign exchange administration Colombia. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/rr24.pdf 7.23M oai:ifpri.org:437 2008-06-02 Instability in Indian agriculture in the context of the new technology Mehra, Shakuntla 1981 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Agriculture India. Agricultural innovations India. Grain India. oai:ifpri.org:438 2008-06-02 Growth and equity:policies and implementation in Indian agriculture Sarma, J. S. 1981 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Agricultural policy India. Agriculture Economic aspects India. oai:ifpri.org:439 2008-06-02 Government policy and food imports:the case of wheat in Egypt Scobie, Grant McDonald 1981 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Wheat trade Government policy Egypt. Food supply Government policy Egypt. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/rr29.pdf 7.23M oai:ifpri.org:440 2008-06-02 Instability in Indian foodgrain production Hazell, P. B. R. 1982 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Grain trade India. oai:ifpri.org:441 2008-06-02 Sustaining rapid growth in India's fertilizer consumption:a perspective based on composition of use Desai, Gunvant M. 1982 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Fertilizers India. Fertilizer industry India. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/rr31.pdf 6.7M oai:ifpri.org:442 2008-06-02 Agricultural growth and industrial performance in India Rangarajan, C. 1982 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Agriculture Economic aspects India. Industries India. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/rr33.pdf 1.7M oai:ifpri.org:443 2008-06-02 Egypt's food subsidy and rationing system:A description Alderman, Harold von Braun, Joachim Sakr, Sakr Ahmed 1982 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Food supply Government policy Egypt. Food relief Government policy Egypt. Food conservation Government policy Egypt. oai:ifpri.org:444 2008-06-02 Policy options for the grain economy of the European Community:implications for developing countries Koester, Ulrich 1982 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Grain trade Government policy European Economic Community countries. European Economic Community countries Commercial policy. Grain trade Developing countries. Food supply Developing countries. oai:ifpri.org:445 2008-06-02 Service provision and rural development in India:a study of Miryalguda Taluka Wanmali, Sudhir 1983 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Agricultural policy India Miryalguda Taluka. Irrigation India Miryalguda Taluka. Rural development India Miryalguda Taluka. oai:ifpri.org:446 2008-06-02 Policy modeling of a dual grain market:the case of wheat in India Krishna, Raj Chhibber, Ajay 1983 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Wheat trade Government policy India Mathematical models. oai:ifpri.org:447 2008-06-02 The world rice market:structure, conduct, and performance Siamwalla, Ammar Haykin, Stephen 1983 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Rice trade. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/rr39.pdf 3.7M oai:ifpri.org:448 2008-06-02 Food subsidies in Egypt:their impact on foreign exchange and trade Scobie, Grant McDonald 1983 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Food supply Government policy Economic aspects Egypt. Food prices Government policy Egypt. Balance of payments Egypt. Foreign exchange Egypt. Egypt Commercial policy. Egypt Economic policy. oai:ifpri.org:449 2008-06-02 Rural growth linkages:household expenditure patterns in Malaysia and Nigeria Hazell, P. B. R. Roell, Ailsa 1983 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Cost and standard of living Malaysia Kuala Muda Case studies. Cost and standard of living Nigeria Gusau Case studies. Consumption (Economics) Malaysia Kuala Muda Case studies. Consumption (Economics) Nigeria Gusau Case studies. Farm income Malaysia Kuala Muda Case studies. Farm income Nigeria Gusau Case studies. oai:ifpri.org:450 2008-06-02 The effects of food price and subsidy policies on Egyptian agriculture von Braun, Joachim de Haen, Hartwig 1983 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Food prices Government policy Egypt. Agricultural price supports Egypt. Agricultural policy Egypt. Public investment Prices Government policy oai:ifpri.org:451 2008-06-02 Closing the cereals gap with trade and food aid Huddleston, Barbara 1984 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Grain trade Developing countries International cooperation. Food relief Developing countries International cooperation. Agricultural assistance Developing countries International cooperation. CEREALS oai:ifpri.org:452 2008-06-02 Constraints on Kenya's food and beverage exports Schluter, Michael 1984 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Food industry and trade Kenya. Coffee industry Kenya. Tea trade Kenya. Export marketing Kenya. oai:ifpri.org:453 2008-06-02 The effects of the Egyptian food ration and subsidy system on income distribution and consumption Alderman, Harold von Braun, Joachim 1984 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Consumers Egypt. Income distribution Egypt. Food supply Government policy Egypt. Governance Food relief Government policy Egypt. oai:ifpri.org:454 2008-06-02 The effects on income distribution and nutrition of alternative rice price policies in Thailand Trairatvorakul, Prasarn 1984 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Rice Prices Thailand. Rice trade Government policy Thailand. Income distribution Thailand. Nutrition Thailand. oai:ifpri.org:455 2008-06-02 Evolving food gaps in the Middle East/North Africa:prospects and policy implications. Khaldi, Nabil 1984 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Food supply Middle East. Food supply Africa, North oai:ifpri.org:456 2008-06-02 Rural household use of services:a study of Miryalguda Taluka, India Wanmali, Sudhir 1985 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Households India Miryalguda Taluka. Service industries India Miryalguda Taluka. Cost and standard of living India Miryalguda Taluka. Quality of life India Miryalguda Taluka. oai:ifpri.org:457 2008-06-02 Livestock products in the Third World:past trends and projections to 1990 and 2000 Sarma, J. S. Yeung, Patrick 1985 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Meat industry and trade Developing countries Statistics. Dairy products industry Developing countries Statistics. Meat industry and trade Developing countries Forecasting Statistical methods. Dairy products industry Developing countries Forecasting Statistical methods. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/rr49.pdf 6.6M oai:ifpri.org:458 2008-06-02 Government expenditures on agriculture and agricultural growth in Latin America Elas, Victor Jorge 1985 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Agricultural policy Latin America. Economic assistance, Domestic Latin America. Agriculture Economic aspects Latin America. oai:ifpri.org:468 2008-06-02 Agricultural market reforms in Egypt:initial adjustments in local output markets Badiane, Ousmane 1994 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Agricultural policy Egypt. This study represents one of the first attempts to examine the process of adjustment within the farming and marketing sectors to the reform of agricultural markets in Egypt. Even though it is primarily based on rice sector data, it gives the following interesting insights into the initial responses to the reform process. First, farmers are reacting with higher output levels and marketed surplus, although the bulk of the expansion has taken place among farms larger than 5 feddans. Marketed surplus among smaller sized farms has hardly changed. Second, the reforms have brought about increased private sector participation in the distribution of foodgrains. However, the level of participation is significant only in terms of local trading. Third, private sector participation in the processing industry has increased in terms of milling capacity, due primarily to the large increase in the number of larger private sector mills. In terms of milled quantities, however, public millers still process the bulk of the output, and have even raised their milling share, while small private mills are losing market shares. Furthermore, millers continue to procure paddy rice and traders continue to process paddy rice, so that it would appear that specialization has not yet occurred in the two subsectors. Finally, concomitant to changes in output levels and marketing behavior are falling real farm foodgrain prices, except for wheat. At the same time, real farm wages and real fertilizer prices have also declined, offsetting some of the effect of falling output prices. Combined with the strong increase in output levels, this would suggest that farmers may be already gaining from the reforms, to the extent that changes in the other cost elements (land and equipment) do not exceed these gains. oai:ifpri.org:475 2008-06-02 Determinants of agricultural policies in the United States and the European Community Petit, Michel 1985 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Agricultural policy United States. Agricultural policy European Economic Community countries. United States Foreign economic relations European Economic Community countries. European Economic Community countries Foreign economic relations United States. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/rr51.pdf 8.5M oai:ifpri.org:476 2008-06-02 Food in the Third World:past trends and projections to 2000 Paulino, Leonardo A. 1986 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Food supply Developing countries Forecasting. Agriculture Economic aspects Developing countries Forecasting. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/rr52.pdf 3.0M oai:ifpri.org:477 2008-06-02 Regional cooperation to improve food security in southern and eastern African countries Koester, Ulrich 1986 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Food supply Africa, Southern. Food supply Tanzania. Africa, Southern Economic integration. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/rr53.pdf 6.2 oai:ifpri.org:478 2008-06-02 Weather and grain yields in the Soviet Union Desai, Padma 1986 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Grain Climatic factors Soviet Union. Grain Yields Soviet Union. Grain production Soviet Union. oai:ifpri.org:480 2008-06-02 The effects of trade and exchange rate policies on agriculture in Zaire Tshibaka, Tshikala B. 1986 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Agriculture Economic aspects Congo (Democratic Republic) Agricultural policy Congo (Democratic Republic) Foreign exchange administration Congo (Democratic Republic) Congo (Democratic Republic) Economic policy. oai:ifpri.org:481 2008-06-02 Cereal feed use in the Third World:past trends and projections to 2000 Sarma, J. S. 1986 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Feed industry Developing countries Forecasting. Grain trade Developing countries Forecasting. Animal industry Developing countries Forecasting. oai:ifpri.org:482 2008-06-02 The food stamp scheme in Sri Lanka:costs, benefits, and options for modification Edirisinghe, Neville 1987 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Food stamps Sri Lanka. Food relief Sri Lanka. Food relief Economic aspects Sri Lanka. Food relief Government policy Sri Lanka. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/rr58.pdf 3.7M oai:ifpri.org:483 2008-06-02 Population policy and individual choice:a theoretical investigation Nerlove, Marc Razin, Assaf Sadka, Efraim 1987 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Fertility, Human Mathematical models. Population policy Mathematical models. Economic development Mathematical models. oai:ifpri.org:484 2008-06-02 The pilot food price subsidy scheme in the Philippines:its impact on income, food consumption, and nutritional status Garcia, Marito Pinstrup-Andersen, Per 1987 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Food relief Philippines Case studies. Food consumption Philippines Case studies. Nutrition Philippines Case studies. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/rr61.pdf 6M oai:ifpri.org:485 2008-06-02 Agricultural research in Nepal:resource allocation, structure, and incentives Yadav, Ram P. 1987 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Agricultural research Nepal. oai:ifpri.org:486 2008-06-02 Income and nutritional effects of the commercialization of agriculture in southwestern Kenya Kennedy, Eileen T. Cogill, Bruce 1987 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Agriculture Economic aspects Kenya South Nyanza District. Food supply Kenya South Nyanza District. Sugarcane industry Kenya South Nyanza District. Maize industry Kenya South Nyanza District. Agricultural wages Kenya South Nyanza District. Agricultural laborers Kenya South Nyanza District Nutrition. Cost and standard of living Kenya South Nyanza District. Diseases Kenya South Nyanza District. Nutrition policy Kenya South Nyanza District. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/rr63.pdf 2.1M oai:ifpri.org:487 2008-06-02 Cooperative dairy development in Karnataka, India:an assessment Alderman, Harold 1987 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Dairying, Cooperative India Karnataka. evaluation oai:ifpri.org:488 2008-06-02 Credit for alleviation of rural poverty:the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh Hossain, Mahabub 1988 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Grameen Bank. Rural poor Bangladesh. Poverty alleviation Bangladesh. Small business Bangladesh. Microenterprises Bangladesh. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/rr65.pdf 4.2M oai:ifpri.org:489 2008-06-02 The Brazilian wheat policy:its costs, benefits, and effects on food consumption. Calegar, Geraldo M. Schuh, G. Edward (George Edward) 1988 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Wheat trade Government policy Brazil. Wheat Prices Government policy Brazil. oai:ifpri.org:490 2008-06-02 Nature and impact of the Green Revolution in Bangladesh Hossain, Mahabub 1988 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Agriculture Economic aspects Bangladesh. Agricultural innovations Economic aspects Bangladesh. Green Revolution Bangladesh. oai:ifpri.org:491 2008-06-02 Coffee boom, government expenditure, and agricultural prices:the Colombian experience Garca Garca, Jorge Montes Llamas, Gabriel 1988 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Agricultural policy Colombia. Agricultural price supports Colombia. Coffee industry Colombia. In this report, the authors examine the effects on agricultural incentives in Colombia of two influential economic forces: the coffee boom in the 1970s and rapidly expanding public sectors. In Colombia, the turbulence in trade and exchange rate regimes brought about by the coffee boom presents a classic example of the Dutch-disease phenomenon. In their analysis of government's expanding role as a demander of goods and services, the authors also examine the effects on farm output and on rural employment as they pertain to rural incomes and wage rates under the argument that government expenditure biased toward the nontraded sector discourages growth in agriculture and industry. oai:ifpri.org:492 2008-06-02 Agriculture in the GATT:an analysis of alternative approaches to reform Zietz, Joachim A. Valdes, Alberto 1988 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Produce trade Government policy. Tariff on farm produce. Agricultural policy. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (Organization) oai:ifpri.org:493 2008-06-02 Storage, trade, and price policy under production instability:maize in Kenya Pinckney, Thomas C. 1988 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Maize industry Government policy Kenya. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/rr71.pdf 7.32M oai:ifpri.org:494 2008-06-02 Rice price fluctuation and an approach to price stabilization in Bangladesh Ahmed, Raisuddin Bernard, Andrew 1989 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Rice Prices Bangladesh. Rice Prices Government policy Bangladesh. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/rr72.pdf 2.63M oai:ifpri.org:495 2008-06-02 Nontraditional export crops in Guatemala:effects on production, consumption, and nutrition von Braun, Joachim Hotchkiss, David Immink, Maarten D. C. 1989 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Vegetable trade Guatemala. Exports Guatemala. Farms, Small Guatemala. Food supply Guatemala. Agricultural laborers Guatemala. Household surveys Guatemala. GUATEMALA CENTRAL AMERICA http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/rr73.pdf 4.3M oai:ifpri.org:498 2008-06-02 Food consumption patterns and related demand parameters in Indonesia:a review of available evidence Dixon, John 1982 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Food consumption Indonesia. Rice Indonesia. oai:ifpri.org:499 2008-06-02 Some aspects of public sector procurement and distribution of foodgrains in India George, P. S. (Poykayil Simon) 1985 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Food crops Government policy India. Food supply Government policy India. Nutrition policy India. oai:ifpri.org:505 2008-06-02 Third World food markets:option for agricultural exporters? 1988 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Agriculture Economic aspects Developing countries. Food supply Developing countries. oai:ifpri.org:514 2008-06-02 Operational performance of the rural rationing program in Bangladesh. Ahmed, Akhter U. 1992 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Food supply Government policy Bangladesh. Rationing Bangladesh. BANGLADESH oai:ifpri.org:544 2008-06-02 Foodgrain market integration under market reforms in Egypt Goletti, Francesco Badiane, Ousmane Sil, Jayashree 1994 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Markets Prices Egypt. Grain Marketing. Using urban price data for the period 1976 to 1992 and rural price data for the period 1982 to 1992, the study assesses the degree of market integration for wheat, maize and rice. The study finds that i) reforms have not destabilized foodgrain prices; ii) there is some indication that the degree of segmentation among food grain markets has decreased during the reform period, especially for rural wheat and maize markets; iii) urban markets exhibit a much higher degree of market segmentation, particularly for wheat; and iv) the extent of market integration in terms of the magnitude of market interdependence and speed of price transmission was until 1992 very limited. Urban markets seemed to have a lower magnitude of integration than those of rural areas and the speed of adjustment was higher among these markets, reflecting the better communication and infrastructure network in urban areas. oai:ifpri.org:554 2008-06-02 Agricultural market reforms in Egypt:initial adjustments in local input markets Goletti, Francesco 1994 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Fertilizer industry Egypt. Prices. Crops Economic aspects. The high use of modern inputs in Egypt's agricultural system well before the reforms has been very favorable to the development of private markets, particularly in the fertilizer sector. The level of adoption being very high, the usual demand constraints did not operate and traders' entry was facilitated by the size of the market....In the fertilizer sector, the reduction in subsidies has been initially accompanied by a reduction in use, but by 1993 fertilizer use has returned to its 1991 levels...The effect on crop production has been positive in most cases, with increases in production and yields. Higher nominal prices of fertilizers and pesticides did not translate into higher real prices. There is some evidence that the ratio between foodgrain prices and the prices of fertilizers, pesticides, and labor have gone up, pointing indirectly to some evidence concerning improvement in average farmer's income, to the extent that changes in the cost of other inputs like land and equipment do not exceed these gains. oai:ifpri.org:560 2008-06-02 Sustainability, growth, and poverty alleviation:a policy and agroecological perspective Vosti, Stephen A., ed. Reardon, Thomas Anthony, ed. 1997 Published for the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) by Johns Hopkins University Press Agriculture Environmental aspects Developing countries. Agriculture Economic aspects Poverty alleviation Developing countries. Agricultural policies Developing countries are under pressure to produce more food for their growing populations, conserve natural resources, and reduce poverty. In the short term, however, these goals may compete with one another. This book focuses on the interactions between agricultural growth and environment and between environment and poverty. The chapters analyze and illustrate these interactions with case study evidence from the developing world in general and from specific agroclimatic zones in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. The contributors also discuss what these links mean for development policies, agricultural technologies, and social and economic institutions. With a clearer picture of how these goals interact, policymakers and researchers can design strategies for working more effectively to meet them. oai:ifpri.org:587 2008-06-02 Agricultural input market reforms:a review of selected literature Goletti, Francesco Alfano, Anna 1995 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Markets Economic policy. The objective of this paper is to derive lessons from selected literature concerning the impact and the conditions of successful agricultural input market reform. The agricultural inputs of interest in this review are: fertilizers, seeds, agricultural equipment, pesticides, and livestock services and health inputs. The paper examines the rationale for market reform, its impact on growth, productivity, and income of farmers, and the conditions for success. Six main conclusions emerge from this review. First, market structures are the result of evolutionary processes that accompany the adoption and the diffusion of modern technology in agriculture. Second, the development of markets and private sector cannot occur unless an adequate infrastructure is in place. Third, markets cannot work unless a favorable institutional environment is created. Fourth, the success of reforms is heavily influenced by the sequencing of various policy measures. Fifth, the participation of the private sector is dependent on the credibility of government policies in support of market reforms. Finally, the scanty evidence on the impact of market reforms on small farmers suggests that these groups are often penalized. oai:ifpri.org:634 2008-06-02 Labor in the rural household economy of the Zairian basin Tshibaka, Tshikala B. 1992 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Agricultural laborers Congo (Democratic Republic) Household surveys Congo (Democratic Republic) Farms, Small Congo (Democratic Republic) Time management Congo (Democratic Republic) Sexual division of labor Congo (Democratic Republic) Previous labor studies conducted in Sub-Saharan Africa have tended to concentrate mostly on describing the division of labor, estimating the amount of labor allocated to agriculture and other household activities, examining the seasonality of labor time spent on agriculture, and estimating the productivity of labor input and the contribution of this input to farm output. It is clear from a survey of the literature that these labor studies have largely overlooked two other significant aspects of labor allocation and use in Sub-Saharan agriculture. First, they did not pay enough attention to the effects of economic variables on labor use and allocation. Second, they did not examine the effect of the timing of various farm operations on the amount and productivity of labor used. Labor in the Rural Household Economy of the Zairian Basin, Research Report 90, by Tshikala B. Tshibaka, addresses these gaps and contributes to an understanding of the rural household economy in this tropical rain forest area, one of the least-known parts of the developing world. This analysis is derived from data collected in an extensive 1982/83 household survey by the author in collaboration with the Institut Facultaire des Sciences Agronomiques, Yangambi, Zaire. In addition to the aspects of labor use addressed in earlier studies, this study attempts to identify the key economic and other variables that affect the use and productivity of labor in the small-farm sector of the Zairian Basin. oai:ifpri.org:636 2008-06-02 Pricing behavior in Philippine corn markets:implications for market efficiency Mendoza, Meyra Sebello Rosegrant, Mark W. 1995 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Maize Philippines. Corn Prices Philippines Statistical methods. The future for Philippine corn looks bright. Increases in demand for feed for livestock and poultry, activated by income-led growth in demand for meat, are providing the major push for corn growth. But whether the potential for development can be reached hinges on the efficiency of the existing marketing and pricing system. In Pricing Behavior in Philippine Corn Markets: Implications for Market Efficiency, Research Report 101, Meyra Sebello Mendoza and Mark W. Rosegrant explore this issue by determining the speed with which price signals are communicated between markets and quantifying the impact of new information on the pricing process. In determining whether market information is transmitted completely and on time to Filipino corn farmers, they identify possible constraints faced by farmers. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/rr101.pdf 4.7M oai:ifpri.org:664 2008-06-02 Can FAO's measure of chronic undernourishment be strengthened? Smith, Lisa C. Naiken, Logan 1998 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Food security Measurement Methodology. Food consumption Statistics. Afghanistan. In its Sixth World Food Survey released at the 1996 World Food Summit, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) reported that 841 million people in developing countries are chronically undernourished. This number and its country- and regional-level disaggregations have proved tremendously useful to countless aid agencies and researchers. In the context of a recent wave of new nationally-representative household food consumption and expenditure data, this paper examines the estimation methodology underlying this food insecurity indicator, which relies on national aggregate measures of food availability and distribution. The paper finds that the measure is methodologically biased toward national food availability and does not fully account for the effects of povertythe most widespread cause of food insecurity in developing countries. The implications of this bias for use of the indicator in cross-country comparisons of food insecurity and for tracking changes in it over time are drawn out. The paper concludes by arguing that the time has come to review the potential for employing the new household survey data for strengthening the empirical foundations of the FAO's measure of chronic undernourishment. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/dp44.pdf 294K oai:ifpri.org:665 2008-06-02 Are female headed households time poor? Handa, Sudhanshu 1998 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) oai:ifpri.org:676 2008-06-02 Methods for agricultural input market reform research:a tool kit of techniques Goletti, Francesco Govindan, Kumaresan 1995 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Markets Economic policy. Agriculture Research Economic aspects. The purpose of this paper is to provide a research approach and a set of different quantitative techniques for analysis of questions related to agricultural input market reforms. The broad objective of the Multi Country Project 1 (MP 1) undertaken at the International Food Policy Research Institute is to understand the conditions for a successful reform of agricultural input markets, including the markets for fertilizers, pesticides, seeds, agricultural equipments and livestock services. This understanding requires an analysis of policy issues related to the overall economic environment, market structure, conduct and performance, transportation cost, traders' participation, demand for modern inputs and the impact and sequencing of reforms. This paper raises specific research questions addressing these policy issues and suggest possible research methods to answer those questions. Thus, the paper can be considered as a toolkit for the policy analysts interested in market reforms. oai:ifpri.org:695 2008-06-02 Agricultural transformation:the key to broad-based growth and poverty alleviation in Sub-Saharan Africa Delgado, Christopher L. 1995 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Markets. Rural conditions Africa, Sub-Saharan. Poverty. Agriculture Economic aspects Africa, Sub-Saharan. Agriculture Finance. The author argues that African rural areas behave differently from rural areas in fully commercialized market economies. In commercialized economies, price signals quickly induce factor flows, including items such as investment and technological change. A need for more food is quickly translated into production of either more food or more non-food items to finance food imports. If agricultural potential exists in such countries, market incentives will encourage both appropriate output mixes and investment inflows; growth will then occur. In contrast, this paper argues that much of Africa has not yet gone through this transformation. A prolonged process of agricultural transformation is necessary to produce such conditions. Government actions, including commitment of fiscal resources and development of successful strategies, are required. oai:ifpri.org:706 2008-06-02 The development of maize seed markets in Sub-Saharan Africa Rusike, Joseph 1995 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Maize Africa, Sub-Saharan. Maize Economic aspects Africa, Sub-Saharan. Seed industry and trade. The development of the maize seed industry and private seed companies in selected Sub-Saharan Africa countries over the past 95 years is outlined. The study provides evidence that seed industry development is an evolutionary learning-by-doing process of fitting together a set of interactive and mutually supporting institutions in a path dependent way that hold down transaction and production costs and infuse trading confidence in seed transactions. The government has a critical role to play in crafting and enforcing seed laws and regulations because it is ultimately the state that determines when standards are broken and whether penalties should be imposed on violators. Although the ultimate effects of structural adjustment programs on the seed industry in Southern Africa are unknown at this time, the programs have encourage multinational seed companies to enter the seed markets of South Africa, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Malawi, Kenya and Tanzania. However, there are country-specific legal and regulatory hurdles that need to be overcome if structural adjustment programs are to achieve their full potential in improving the economic performance of the seed markets. oai:ifpri.org:738 2008-06-02 Human milk:an invisible food resource Hatly, Anne Oshaug, Arne 1997 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Africa, Sub-Saharan. Food security. Human Nutrition. Public health Human milk is a food that meets all conditions for an infant's nutrition security and is the most important food for more than 10 percent of the population in Sub-Saharan Africa (children less than three years of age). Statistics on production of human milk at local and national levels are lacking for Africa. In this paper, the quantity of human milk production in Mali, Senegal, Nigeria, and Zimbabwe is estimated. The annual production in the urban and rural areas in a county in Mali is estimated at 13 and 17 kilograms per capita, respectively. National annual median production is estimated to be between 144,000 (Mali) and 1.3 million metric tons (Nigeria), and production per capita between 8 (Zimbabwe) and 15 kilograms per year (Mali). In Sub-Saharan Africa, the production of human milk is about 50 percent of that of cow's milk. The paper argues that overlooking human milk production/consumption in data analysis and policymaking has negative consequences for children's health and nutritional status. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/dp33.pdf 142K oai:ifpri.org:840 2008-06-02 Supply response of West African agricultural households:implications of intrahousehold preference heterogeneity Smith, Lisa C. Chavas, Jean-Paul 1999 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Burkina Faso. Resource management. Households Decision making. Household resource allocation Gender This paper explores the implications of preference heterogeneity between wives and husbands in nonresource-pooling rural West African households for the effect of crop price changes on agricultural production, i.e., their supply response. A "semi-cooperative" game-theoretic model of household decisionmaking, in which household members make unilateral time and income allocation decisions and negotiate over who controls these resources, is proposed. The model is used to show that Pareto efficiency in both production and consumption do not hold. It is then employed to simulate the supply response to cotton price increases accompanying agricultural sector liberalization in Burkina Faso in the early 1980s. The simulated semi-cooperative model predicts the cotton supply response of (monogamous) Burkinab households to be 25 percent below that which would ensue in households facing the same production constraints yet whose members have identical preferences. The analysis indicates that in nonresource-pooling agricultural households, preference heterogeneity can be expected to mute supply response and may do so in a quantitatively significant manner. It illustrates how an intrahousehold approach that allows for such heterogeneity and for disaggregation of resource control by gender contributes to a better understanding of price effects. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/dp69.pdf 302K oai:ifpri.org:975 2008-06-02 Economic reform in Europe and the former Soviet Union:implications for international food markets Tyers, Rodney 1994 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Food industry and trade Europe, Eastern. Food industry and trade Former Soviet republics. Europe, Eastern Economic policy 1989- Former Soviet republics Economic policy. Policy reforms in the wake of the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) are expected to reduce food exports in Western Europe. Will the transition to market- oriented policy regimes in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union expand agricultural production there, eventually offsetting the reductions in Western Europe and leading to food surpluses for the region as a whole? What effects will these changes have on the rural sectors of developing countries? Addressing these questions quantitatively, Rod Tyers concludes that agricultural exports in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union countries could expand enough to more than offset decreases in exports from reforms in Western Europe. Tyers estimates that the combined grain exports of Europe and the former Soviet Union could increase world supplies by as much as 44 million metric tons by 2000, leading to a reduction in world food prices. oai:ifpri.org:976 2008-06-02 Famine and food security in Ethiopia:lessons for Africa Webb, Patrick von Braun, Joachim 1994 Published on behalf of the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) by John Wiley Famines Ethiopia. Famines Africa, Sub-Saharan. Food supply Africa, Sub-Saharan. ETHIOPIA EAST AFRICA The prevalent and generally accepted image of famine in Ethiopia has been one of hopeless inevitability with food shortage and starvation being an unavoidable consequence of environmental hardship combined with economic and political mismanagement and social chaos. This book challenges this received view by using the authors' intimate and extensive research in the region to show that famine is not, and was not, inevitable in Ethiopia. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/webbjvb94.pdf 9.1M oai:ifpri.org:1020 2008-06-02 Nutrition-related policies and programs:past performance and research needs. Kennedy, Eileen T. Pinstrup-Andersen, Per. Adams, Richard H., Jr. 1983. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Nutrition policy. Food supply. oai:ifpri.org:1067 2008-06-02 Is there an intrahousehold 'flypaper effect'?:evidence from a school feeding program Jacoby, Hanan 1997 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Food security Philippines. Resource allocation. Philippines. School children Food. Child Feeding. Resource allocation. Are public transfers targeted toward children largely neutralized by the household, as the theory of altruism implies, or is there an intrahousehold flypaper effect whereby such transfers stick to the child? This paper studies the impact of a school feeding program on child caloric intake in the Philippines. Because children are interviewed on school days and nonschool days, and because some schools offer a feeding program and others do not, the dietary impact of the program is identified under mild restrictions. The empirical results confirm an intrahousehold flypaper effect; indeed, they indicate virtually no intrahousehold reallocation of calories in response to the feeding program. In poorer households, however, children's gains from the program appear to be taxed more heavily. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/dp31.pdf 244K oai:ifpri.org:1068 2008-06-02 Better rich, or better there?:grandparent wealth, coresidence, and intrahousehold allocation Quisumbing, Agnes R. 1997 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Resource allocation Gender issues. Education Gender issues. Gender Property rights Household resource allocation Education This paper uses three-generation retrospective data from the rural Philippines to examine the role of the extended family, proxied by alternative measures of grandparent coresidence, on investments in children. An extension of the wealth model of intergenerational transfers shows that extended family resources may affect transfers to children if parents are credit constrained. Family-level unobservables are important in determining the allocation of education and land between sons and daughters. Both parent and grandparent pre-marriage wealth affect children's completed schooling levels. Grandparent wealth, however, does not seem to affect the distribution of education between sons and daughters, although it affects the allocation of land. Grandparent influence on child schooling appears to work through proximity rather than through wealth. Sons are clearly favored in terms of land inheritance, while daughters get more education. Better educated fathers favor daughters in terms of education, while mothers with more land favor sons. These patterns are consistent with both equity and efficiency objectives, investment in children under resource constraints, and parents' risk-diversification strategies. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/dp23.pdf 321K oai:ifpri.org:1071 2008-06-02 Alternative approaches to locating the food insecure:qualitative and quaintative evidence from South India Chung, Kimberly Haddad, Lawrence James Ramakrishna, Jayashree Riely, Frank Z. 1997. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Food security India. Nutrition Research. Food aid. This paper reports on two methods used for identifying alternative indicators of chronic and acute food insecurity. A need for alternative indicators exists since many of the "benchmark" or "gold standard" indicators (such as household income or dietary intake) are too cumbersome to be of practical use in food aid targeting. The ideal alternative indicator should be statistically reliable, yet straightforward to collect and analyze. The study uses data collected in four villages in the Indian Semi-Arid Tropics to illustrate two methods for identifying the alternative indicators. A qualitative methodology included ethnographic case studies of at-risk households, participatory mapping of vulnerable households within a community, food charts, and seasonality charts. The quantitative methods included both economic and nutrition surveys. The data were collected over three rounds in 1992-93 from 324 households in south-central India.For the qualitative work, both the villagers' perceptions of food insecurity as well as the ethnographers' observations were used to generate a list of indicators for these areas. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/dp22.pdf 477K oai:ifpri.org:1118 2008-06-02 Risk in market equilibrium models for agriculture Hazell, P. B. R. Scandizzo, Pasquale L. 1983 The Johns Hopkins University Press for the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Markets Mathematical models. oai:ifpri.org:1148 2008-06-02 Resource allocations to national agricultural research:trends in the 1970's a review of Third World systems Oram, Peter A. Bindlish, Vishva 1981 The Hague, Netherlands : International Service for National Agricultural Research ; Washington, D.C. : International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), [1981] Agricultural research Developing countries. Agricultural administration Developing countries. Agricultural research. Agriculture Statistics. oai:ifpri.org:1256 2008-06-02 The distributional impact of macroeconomic shocks in Mexico:threshold effects in a multi-region CGE model Harris, Rebecca Lee 1999 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Equilibrium (Economics) Econometric models. Equilibrium (Economics) Simulation methods. Migration, Internal. This paper presents a regionally disaggregated computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of Mexico in order to examine the differential effects of external shocks across the regions. The model demonstrates how the internal migration regime is affected by exogenous changes in the presence of threshold effects, in which an exogenous change may not effect regional behavior until the shocks are large enough to overcome the isolation of local markets. The results show that migration helps mitigate the income changes caused by the simulations. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/tmdp44.pdf 124K oai:ifpri.org:1271 2008-06-02 Alternative industrial development paths for Indonesia:SAM and CGE analyses Bautista, Romeo M. Robinson, Sherman El-Said, Moataz 1999 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Social accounting. Indonesia. Industrialization. In this article, we examine the economy-wide effects of three alternative growth paths for Indonesia's industrial sector using SAM (social accounting matrix) multiplier analysis and CGE (computable general equilibrium) modeling. The context of the analysis is the immediate post-crisis period most likely to be in the next millennium represented in our study by a modified benchmark data set for 1995. Special attention is given to the overall income and equity effects, considering that egalitarian growth has become a particularly important development objective in Indonesia. The results of SAM multiplier analysis indicate relatively strong macro-linkages from agricultural demand-led (ADL) industrialization, yielding a significantly larger increase in real GDP compared to that arising from industrial development oriented to either food processing or light manufacturing. The simulation results based on CGE modeling, which take account of nonlinearities and supply constraints that are ignored in SAM analysis, bear out the dominant influence of demand linkages in showing that ADL industrialization is associated with a larger GDP increase than the two industrial-led development paths. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/tmdp42.pdf 149K oai:ifpri.org:1281 2008-06-02 The impact of the CFA devaluation on cereal markets in selected CMA/WCA member countries Badiane, Ousmane 1996 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Devaluation of currency Africa. Cereal products industry. The study carried out on behalf of the Conference of Ministers of Agriculture of West and Central Africa represents one of the first attempts to analyze the impact of the devaluation of the CFA Franc that took place in early 1994. Its main focus is on the impact the change in parity has had on the cereal sectors of the region, keeping in mind the limited time the economies have had to adjust to the changes. The study is based on data from selected countries, including Niger, Burkina Faso, Cte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Mali, and Senegal. The assessment of the impact of the devaluation of the CFA Franc in early 1994 on the cereal sector starts with the analysis of the historical relationships between cereal prices and the exchange rate in selected West Africa countries. In addition, a model examining the transmission of the changes in the value of the CFA franc to producer prices is developed and estimated, in order to gain more insight on the role of different factors in determining the level of transmission. In the subsequent parts of the study, a comparative analysis of the impact across cereal sectors and individual countries is carried out. oai:ifpri.org:1310 2008-06-02 Smallholder dairying under transactions costs in East Africa. Staal, Steven. Delgado, Christopher L. Nicholson, Charles F. 1996 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Dairy farming Ethiopia. Dairy farming Kenya. Collective farms. Milk trade Africa. It is argued that dairying is vital to future viability of many small farms in East Africa and that high transactions costs for dairy production and marketing limit participation by asset- and information-poor smallholders. Case studies from Kenya and Ethiopia illustrate the role of dairy cooperatives in reducing transactions costs. Analysis of the determinants of producer prices received by a sample of dairy producers near Addis Ababa suggests that different levels of access to infrastructure, assets, and information explain why different households contemporaneously accept widely different producer prices for fluid milk. oai:ifpri.org:1319 2008-06-02 Reforming and promoting local agricultural markets:a research approach Badiane, Ousmane Nuppenau, Ernst-August 1997 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Markets Economic policy. Macroeconomics Models. Economic policy. Although the techniques that are being used have become much more sophisticated, recent methodological developments in market research have hardly gone beyond the econometric test of market integration. While more efficient methods are being proposed to analyze price interdependence, the implications at the farm level and for agricultural transformation are not part of the analysis. However, one would expect reforming governments to be more interested in issues such as i) the implications of market integration for the operation of local markets, ii) its impact on the process of domestic market reforms, iii) strategies to improve the degree of integration, and iv) the benefits of doing so. It is well known that the ultimate impact at the local level of changes in macroeconomic policies depend to a large extent on the adjustment at the meso-level, meaning the marketing sector. Consequently, understanding the impact of economic policy reforms at the local level requires an integrated approach to analyzing macroeconomic and marketing policy changes. The present paper develops a model which, while starting from the integration approach, offers an extension of the latter to show the implication of market integration for the adjustment of local markets to policy reforms. oai:ifpri.org:1320 2008-06-02 Market integration and the long run adjustment of local markets to changes in trade and exchange rate regimes:options for market reform and promotion policies Badiane, Ousmane 1997 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Markets Prices. Market integration analysis may be helpful in providing a photograph of the operation of local markets at a given point in time. However, the process of market reform in the context of structural and institutional deficiencies, rather than being a one-shot issue, involves a lengthy transition process from a state-run to a private-sector-based distribution system. Unless it is extended to examine, among others, how market integration affects the process of adjustment in local markets, integration analysis will be of limited help as a tool for market policy research. The approach outlined in the present paper proposes an extension that is based on two premises. First, that the impact of the shock in the central market prices does not only affect the short term level of the local prices, but also their time path. That second, long term impact is determined by the degree of integration and is affected by any accompanying changes in local arbitrage costs. oai:ifpri.org:1323 2008-06-02 The response of local maize prices to the 1983 currency devaluation in Ghana Badiane, Ousmane Shively, Gerald E. 1997 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Devaluation of currency Africa. Maize Ghana. Maize Prices Ghana. This paper investigates the respective roles of spatial integration and arbitrage costs in explaining the adjustment of local prices to policy changes using the example of Ghana. We introduce a model of price formation and market integration that incorporates the price transmission process between local and central markets and also captures the implications for volatility of local prices. We explore the implications of the model for the time-path of price adjustments, as determined directly and indirectly through the marketing sector. We show that the price-adjustment process in a local market is determined by the degree of interdependence between that market and the central market in which a price-shock originates, and estimate the intertemporal and interspatial dynamics of the price adjustment process. Using data from wholesale maize markets in Ghana we find that reductions in local prices and local price variance following the introduction of economic reforms in 1983 can be traced to both local and central market forces, but that differences in the degree of market integration have important implications for long-run changes in arbitrage costs and the evolution of prices in outlying markets. oai:ifpri.org:1330 2008-06-02 International trade, regional integration and food security in the Middle East DeRosa, Dean A. 1995 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Food security Middle East. Markets Economic policy. Cereal products industry. Dairy products industry. Meat industry and trade. Trade liberalization. Against the background of increasing interest in closer economic relations in the Middle East, the contribution that greater integration of markets might make to improving food security in the region is investigated, using a quantitative framework for gauging the reduction in instability of market supplies for cereal, meat, and dairy commodities under regional cooperation schemes versus more general policies to increase the integration of Middle East markets with markets in Western Europe and the world at large. Nondiscriminatory trade liberalization yields the greatest improvements in food security, but expansion of intra-regional trade relations also result in improved food security, except in the case of wheat and other cereals because of already extensive Middle East imports of these commodities commercially and under bilateral and multilateral food aid programs. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/tmdp03.pdf 2.55M oai:ifpri.org:1347 2008-06-02 The production and diffusion of policy knowledge:a bibliometric evaluation of the International Food Policy Research Institute Pardey, Philip G. Christian, Jason E. 2002 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) International Food Policy Research Institute History Research institutes Evaluation Communication in learning and scholarship Bibliometrics Information science Statistical methods Knowledge management International Food Policy Research Institute Communications systems Evaluation Food policy Research Impact assessment "The published works of the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) represent the most immediate and tangible measure of the new policy-related knowledge attributable to the institute, its staff, and research partners. This study provides a quantitative assessment of the number, nature, form, and use of IFPRI's published products since 1979 and compares and contrasts that with the publication performance of several similar agencies, including the economics and social sciences programs of the Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maz y Trigo (CIMMYT) and the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) respectively, the Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics (ABARE), the Bangladesh Institute for Development Studies (BIDS), and the now defunct Stanford University Food Research Institute (SFRI). Overall, IFPRI's circulated output is extensive, published not only in a broad portfolio of leading scholarly journals, but also in a wide range of books, technical reports, and extension documents. The amount of published output has tended to increase throughout IFPRI's history, and it continues to do so. Going beyond counting and classifying IFPRI's published record, we report the results of a bibliometric assessment of IFPRI and the comparison institutes for the period 198196 using the publication and citation performance details recorded in the Institute for Scientific Information's (ISI) Science Citation Index and Social Science Citation Index data bases. Citations to published literature are not indicative of an impact on policy or the economy generally but on further research and analysis. An analysis of coauthorship patterns provides an indication of impact too (more directly through the conduct of joint research), as well as indications of the way the research is carried out. Our analysis reveals the role IFPRI plays as a knowledge intermediary between the scholarly community and policy clienteles, but that a high proportion of its research collaborations leading to formal publications (and especially publications in the leading journals covered in ISI's data bases) involve researchers in advanced agencies. This partly reflects the limited capacity to perform food policy research in many developing countries itself a reflection of local priorities for education and limited, long-term international support to increase scientific capacity in developing countries and also underscores the role IFPRI could, and arguably should, play in redressing this state of affairs." Authors' Abstract. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/iadp14.pdf 201K oai:ifpri.org:1357 2008-06-02 Does urban agriculture help prevent malnutrition?:evidence from Kampala Maxwell, Daniel G. Levin, Carol E. Dsete, Joanne 1998 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Food policies. Urban agriculture. food security Children Nutritional status Livelihoods AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA UGANDA Previous research has suggested that urban agriculture has a positive impact on the household food security and nutritional status of low-socioeconomic status groups in cities in Sub-Saharan Africa, but a formal test of the link between semisubsistence urban food production and nutritional status has not accompanied these claims. This paper seeks to redress this gap in the growing literature on urban agriculture through an analysis of the determinants of the nutritional status of children under five in Kampala, Uganda, where roughly one-third of all households in the sample engage in some form of urban agriculture. When controlling for other individual child, maternal, and household characteristics, these data indicate that urban agriculture has a positive, significant association with higher nutritional status of children, particularly height-for-age. Several pathways by which this relationship is manifested are suggested, and the implications of these results for urban food and nutrition policy and urban management are briefly discussed. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/dp45.pdf 242K oai:ifpri.org:1360 2008-06-02 Policy bias and agriculture:partial and general equilibrium measures Bautista, Romeo M. Robinson, Sherman Tarp, Finn Wobst, Peter 1998 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Terms of trade. Equilibrium (Economics) Mathematical models. Tanzania. Computable general equilibrium (CGE). Agricultural trade. The paper examines the impact of industrial protection, agricultural export taxes, and overvaluation of the exchange rate on the balance between the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors. A variety of agricultural terms-of-trade indices are constructed to measure the policy bias against agriculture in a general equilibrium framework that incorporates traded and non-traded goods. These general equilibrium measures are compared to earlier work in a partial equilibrium framework assuming perfect substitutability between domestic and traded goods. Starting from a stylized computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of Tanzania, we simulate a 25 percent tariff on non-agriculture and a 25 percent export tax on agriculture. We also consider the impact of changes in the equilibrium exchange rate. The results indicate that the partial equilibrium measures miss much of the action operating through indirect product and factor market linkages, while overstating the strength of the linkages between changes in the exchange rate and prices of traded goods on the agricultural terms of trade. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/tmdp25.pdf 191K oai:ifpri.org:1369 2008-06-02 Rice markets, agricultural growth, and policy options in Viet Nam Goletti, Francesco Minot, Nicholas 1997 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Rice production Vietnam. Exports. Marketing Economic aspects. Food security. Viet Nam Viet Nam has undergone a profound transformation in recent years and, as a result of a series of macroeconomic and institutional reforms since 1986, it has made substantial progress toward becoming a market economy. As this transition continues, Viet Nam faces the challenge of formulating and implementing a growth strategy which is both economically and politically feasible. Critical to this growth strategy is the role of agriculture and, within agriculture, the development of an efficient rice marketing system. The emergence of Viet Nam as a major rice exporter has raised a number of important policy questions. First, will the country be able to continue its impressive growth? Second, how far has Viet Nam moved along the path toward a market economy? Third, what is the role of the government in the development of a rice market economy? Finally, what is the best way to promote food security? The paper addresses these issues and report the results of a study conducted by IFPRI for the Asian Development Bank in collaboration with the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of the Government of Viet Nam. The study is based on extensive data collection from marketing agents (farmers, traders, millers, state owned enterprises, and exporters) conducted during 1995 and 1996. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/dp14.pdf 536K oai:ifpri.org:1371 2008-06-02 Estimating income mobility in Colombia using maximum entropy econometrics. Morley, Samuel Robinson, Sherman Harris, Rebecca Lee 1998 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Income distribution Econometric models. Colombia. Income mobility can be viewed as a first-order Markov process, with a matrix of transition probabilities which measure how individuals move from an income status in time t to a new status in time t+1. Direct estimation of transition matrices is difficult, since time series panel data are unavailable and limited data on the distribution of income do not suffice to determine the coefficients mathematically, let alone provide enough degrees of freedom for estimation. In this paper, we show that maximum entropy econometrics offers a feasible way to estimate transition matrices using distributional data from Colombia. Using a cross-entropy estimation method, we make efficient use of prior information about the structure of the transition matrices and how they vary with age. The approach is very flexible, allowing the use of information in a variety of forms such as inequality constraints, errors in measurement, and prior estimates. Under weak assumptions about the error generation process, we can derive test statistics based on the likelihood ratio measuring the significance of the estimation. The model fits the data well in that the predicted and actual distributions for period t+1 are close. The results show that there is a large degree of upward mobility in Colombia, especially at the bottom of the income distribution and for the younger age cohorts. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/tmdp26.pdf 188K oai:ifpri.org:1378 2008-06-02 Behavior of foodgrain production and consumption in India, 1960-77 Sarma, J. S. Roy, Shyamal 1979 Washington, D.C : World Bank ; International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), c1979. Grain trade India. Food consumption India. Food supply India. oai:ifpri.org:1406 2008-06-02 Conference on agricultural growth, natural resource sustainability, and poverty alleviation in Latin American hillside regions:workshop summary Witcover, Julie Neidecker-Gonzales, Oscar Scherr, Sara J. Ardn, Mario Duarte, Carlos Durn, Guadalupe Mendoza, Fernando 1996 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) oai:ifpri.org:1408 2008-06-02 Multiple functions of common property regimes Swallow, Brent M. Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela Jackson, Lee Ann Williams, Timothy O. White, T. Anderson 1997 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Environmental management Gender POVERTY http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/eptws05.pdf 453K oai:ifpri.org:1449 2008-06-02 Measuring the benefits of social science research Smith, Vincent H. 1998 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Research projects Social sciences Methodology. Impact assessment This paper addresses two questions: The first is "What are the benefits of social science research?"; the second is "How should they be measured?" The response to the first is that, as with research in the physical sciences, the benefits should be identified in terms of changes in economic surplus for different groups. It may be useful to use a framework that considers the incidence of the effects of social science research on firms, households, and govenment agencies. The response to the second question is that estimating returns to social science research using conventional econometric techniques may be particularly difficult. Instead, it may be necessary to resort to a case study approach, but care must be taken to ensure that the cases selected for study are genuinely representative. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/iadp02.pdf 110K oai:ifpri.org:1452 2008-06-02 A food demand system based on demand for characteristics:if there is " curvature" in the Slutsky matrix, what do the curves look like and why? Bouis, Howarth E. 1995 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Food consumption Pakistan. Mathematical models. Elasticity (Economics) A food demand system is proposed, based on demand for energy, variety, and tastes of foods. By specifying utility as an explicit function of these characteristics, the entire matrix of demand elasticities can be derived for n foods and one nonfood from prior specification of just four elasticities, while avoiding any assumption of separability between foods. This framework can explain why poorest groups often are most price-responsive, but also can account for highest price-responsiveness by middle income groups. The system is applied to published food consumption data for urban and rural populations in Pakistan. Elasticities are compared with those obtained in a published Pakistan study applying an almost ideal demand system (AIDS). http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/dp07.pdf 411K oai:ifpri.org:1453 2008-06-02 The extended family and intrahousehold allocation:inheritance and investments in children in the rural Philippines Quisumbing, Agnes R. 1995 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Family Economic aspects. Philippines Social conditions. Gender issues. Land tenure Philippines. Gender Property rights Education This paper examines the role of the extended family on investments in children, using data from a retrospective survey of three generations in the rural Philippines. Econometric results show that interactions between grandparent characteristics and child gender significantly affect the distribution of proposed land bequests between sons and daughters. However, grandparents significantly affect gender-specific investments in children's education only in resource-constrained families. Family-specific effects are more important in determining the pattern of investment in children within the nuclear family, while individual heterogeneity rather than family-specific unobservables dominates the extended family results. Interactions between parent characteristics and child gender are important determinants of both land transfers to, and educational investments in, children. Sons are clearly favored in terms of land inheritance, although daughters of better educated fathers, and with better educated grandfathers, may also have an advantage. The secular expansion of education has contributed much to the increased educational attainment of women. Better educated fathers favor daughters in terms of education, while mothers with more land favor sons. These patterns are consistent with both equity and efficiency objectives, investment in children under resource constraints, and parents' risk-diversification strategies. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/dp03.pdf 226K oai:ifpri.org:1454 2008-06-02 Natural resource management in the hillsides of Honduras:bioeconomic modeling at the micro-watershed level Barbier, Bruno Bergeron, Gilles 1998 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Honduras. Natural resources. Water Management. The objective of this study is to simulate the effect of population pressure, market integration, technological improvement and policy decisions on natural resource management in the hillsides of Honduras. To do so, we developed a bioeconomic model that combines dynamic linear programming with a biophysical model, then applied this model to a typical microwatershed. Over recent years, farmers from the selected microwatershed have followed a "vegetables-intensive" pathway of development. We ran different scenarios with historical data over the period 1975 to 1995 and then projected 25 years into the future from 1995 to 2020. The results of the bioeconomic model presented in this paper help to test a number of induced innovation hypotheses. Many of our hypotheses are confirmed, but some of the model's results challenge conventional wisdom. The simulation results confirm that technology improvements such as irrigation and new varieties can help overcome diminishing returns to labor due to population pressure. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/eptdp32.pdf 565K oai:ifpri.org:1466 2008-06-02 Russia's food economy in transition:Current policy issues and the long-term outlook von Braun, Joachim Serova, Eugenia tho Seeth, Harm Melyukhina, Olga 1996 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Nutrition policy Russia (Federation). Governance Development strategy This discussion paper focuses on the food economy of Russia, to see what effect reforms are likely to have on Russia's ability to produce food and feed its people in the next decade (the forecasts extend only to 2005 because longer-term projections are difficult in this volatile economic environment). Scenarios for consumption and production of important food groups are presented. . oai:ifpri.org:1470 2008-06-02 Agriculture and economic growth in an open economy:the case of Argentina Cavallo, Domingo Mundlak, Yair 1982 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Agriculture Economic aspects Argentina. Argentina Economic conditions 1945-1983. oai:ifpri.org:1471 2008-06-02 Agricultural price policies under complex socioeconomic and natural constraints:the case of Bangladesh Ahmed, Raisuddin 1981 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Agricultural prices Bangladesh. Agricultural policy Bangladesh. Agriculture Economic aspects Bangladesh. oai:ifpri.org:1488 2008-06-02 Adoption of hybrid maize in Zambia:effects on gender roles, food consumption, and nutrition Kumar, Shubh K. 1994 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Maize industry Zambia Eastern Province. Corn industry Zambia Eastern Province. Food consumption Zambia Eastern Province. Nutrition Zambia Eastern Province. Women agricultural laborers Zambia Eastern Province. Sex role in the work environment Zambia Eastern Province. Gender Health and nutrition Agricultural technology Agricultural growth In this report, Shubh K. Kumar examines the reasons for low productivity of maize, the principal crop in Eastern Province, Zambia, compared with its potential, and suggests steps for increasing future productivity. The report also looks at the effects of adoption of hybrid maize on household consumption, nutrition, health, income, and labor and on how these may be redistributed within the household as a result of adoption. In particular, it focuses on changes in women's roles in crop management and resulting changes in allocation of time and money. The report is based on a collaborative study in Eastern Province conducted in 1986 by the International Food Policy Research Institute with the University of Zambia's Rural Development Studies Bureau and the Zambian National Food and Nutrition Commission to examine the growth and equity effects of technological change. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/rr100.pdf 6.0M oai:ifpri.org:1507 2008-06-02 Plant breeding:a long-term strategy for the control of zinc deficiency in vulnerable populations Ruel, Marie T. Bouis, Howarth E. 1997 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Human Nutrition. Minerals in human nutrition. Plant breeding. Because trace minerals are important not only for human nutrition, but for plant nutrition as well, plant breeding holds great promise for making a significant low-cost and sustainable contribution to reducing micronutrient deficiencies in humans, and may have important spinoff effects for increasing farm productivity in developing countries in an environmentally beneficial way. This paper describes ongoing plant breeding research that could increase the intake of bioavailable zinc from food staple crops among vulnerable populations in developing countries. The three most promising plant breeding strategies to achieve this goal are (1) increasing the concentration of zinc in the plant, (2) reducing the amount of phytic acid (a strong inhibitor of zinc absorption), and (3) raising the levels of sulfur-containing amino acids (which are thought to promote zinc absorption). The agronomic advantages and disadvantages as well as the potential benefits and limitations of each approach for human nutrition are described. Research is currently underway to identify the optimal combination of these approaches that will maximize impact on human zinc nutrition. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/dp30.pdf 445K oai:ifpri.org:1509 2008-06-02 Strengthening capacity for food, agricultural, and nutrition policy analysis in Sub-Saharan Africa:an overview of the literature, and lessons learnt from Malawi Zeller, Manfred Mataya, Charles Islam, Yassir 1997 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) oai:ifpri.org:1510 2008-06-02 The impact of education, income, and mortality on fertility in Jamaica Handa, Sudhanshu 1997 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) oai:ifpri.org:1511 2008-06-02 Designing decentralized food security and nutrition policies:a knowledge-based system approach in Malawi Babu, Suresh Chandra 1997 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Designing decentralized policies has been recently recognized as more appropriate to address the immediate development problems of local communities. In this paper, a knowledge-based system approach is used to generate decentralized policy recommendations of crop choices in order to achieve household food security and nutrition. Using a case study of smallholder Malawian farmers, a decentralized approach to production-oriented policymaking for household food security and nutrition is presented. Based on solutions of farm level optimization models and with the facilities of macro-programming in spreadsheet programs a rule-based system which is easily understood and modified by the local development agents with little or no knowledge of programming languages is developed. It is argued that similar programs could be written for designing and implementing decentralized policies for other rural development sectors. Given the increased use of microcomputers at district and sub-regional levels in sub-Saharan Africa, the approach developed in this paper could be highly practical in designing decentralized food and nutrition policies where experts in these fields are scarce. oai:ifpri.org:1537 2008-06-02 Crop genetic resource policy:towards a research agenda Wright, Brian D. 1996 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Biotechnology. Gene banks, Plant. Plant breeding. Intellectual property. Since the 1970's, the worldwide capacity of genebanks for ex situ conservation of crop genetic resources has increased greatly. This has increased the accessibility of landraces and wild and weedy relatives to crop breeders; in situ conservation, though essential, is not an efficient means of furnishing genebanking services. But utilization of genebank resources has not kept pace. The set of popular cultivars in major crops is typically rather small, and their ancestry encompasses only a small fraction of the genetic diversity currently available in other cultivars. Discussions of farmers' rights that focus on compensation for current incorporation of farmers' varieties in new cultivars have diverted attention from the question of why so little of the newly accessible genetic diversity is currently being utilized by public and private breeders. To optimize the future provision of genebank services, research is needed on the costs of genebanks, the market for their services, the use of genetic resources by breeders, and the implications of recognition of farmers' rights, evolving intellectual property rights, continued funding problems and developments in biotechnology. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/eptdp19.pdf 448K oai:ifpri.org:1539 2008-06-02 Summary of a productive partnership:the benefits from U.S. participation in the CGIAR Pardey, Philip G. Alston, Julian M. Christian, Jason E. Fan, Shenggen 1996 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research. Agricultural research Economic aspects. Research institutes. For more than two decades, the United States has been an important player in a global partnership for agricultural research through its investments in the work of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), a network of 16 agricultural research centers around the world. The primary goal of the CGIAR is to alleviate hunger in developing countries, and it has had some major successes in pursuit of this goal. Despite its past preeminence as a supporter of the CGIAR, planned U.S. contributions to the CGIAR totaled only $37.2 million in 1996, down sharply from its level in the 1980s and early 1990s. Cutbacks in research investments can undermine the benefits already gained through crop improvement research, as diseases mutate, pest problems recur, populations grow, and climatic conditions shift. Scientific research must continue apace in order to keep ahead of rapid population growth, shifting consumer demands, and other changing conditions that threaten crop yields. oai:ifpri.org:1542 2008-06-02 Marketing constraints on rice exports from Viet Nam Goletti, Francesco Minot, Nicholas Barry, Philippe 1997 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Rice Viet Nam. Export marketing Trade liberalization. Vietnam The paper describes the spectacular growth of rice exports from Viet Nam during the period 1989 to 1997. From a situation of food shortages, the country is now the second largest rice exporter after Thailand. Export projections indicate that there is potential for further export growth in all but the most pessimistic scenarios. This potential is constrained, however, by the relatively underdeveloped marketing system. A few large state enterprises have access to capital and export licenses, but private traders and millers are generally small and medium enterprises with limited credit and no legal access to world markets. Recent policy changes to promote internal trade liberalization and competition between central and provincial state enterprises are encouraging, but need to be extended to allow private traders to export. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/dp15.pdf 99K oai:ifpri.org:1548 2008-06-02 Sustainable development of rainfed agriculture in India Kerr, John M. 1996 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Rainfed farming. India. Agricultural growth. Agricultural development India. India's agricultural growth has been sufficient to move the country from severe food crises of the 1960s to aggregate food surpluses today. Most of the increase in agricultural output over the years has taken place under irrigated conditions. The opportunities for continued expansion of irrigated area are limited, however, so Indian planners increasingly are looking to rainfed, or unirrigated agriculture to help meet the rising demand for food projected over the next several decades. Given that rainfed agriculture should receive greater emphasis in public investments, a key issue is how much investment should be allocated among different types of rainfed agriculture. This paper addresses a wide variety of issues related to rainfed agricultural development in India. It examines the historical record of agricultural productivity growth in different parts of the country under irrigated and rainfed conditions, and it reviews the evidence regarding agricultural technology development and adoption, natural resource management, poverty alleviation, risk management, and policy and institutional reform. It presents background information on all of these topics, offering some preliminary conclusions and recommending areas where further research is needed. The analysis of agricultural productivity growth is based on district level data covering the Indo-Gangetic plains and peninsular India from 1956 to 1990. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/eptdp20.pdf 575K oai:ifpri.org:1549 2008-06-02 Impact of market and population pressure on production, incomes and natural resources in the dryland savannas of West Africa:bioeconomic modeling at the village level Barbier, Bruno 1996 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Africa, West. Population growth. Research Methodology. Burkina Faso. This paper introduces a modeling method which simulates a village's response to population and market pressure. The method combines a linear programming model with a biophysical model of soil condition and plant growth. The linear programming model simulates farmers' plans aggregated at the village level, and the biophysical model predicts yields and land degradation for different land use and cropping patterns. The method has been calibrated for two villages located in a semi-arid and a sub-humid savanna region in Burkina Faso in West Africa. Several simulations are carried out to the year 2030. Sensitivity tests are used to isolate the main factors of intensification, particularly to distinguish between the effects of "population-pressure driven" intensification from that of "market driven" intensification. oai:ifpri.org:1555 2008-06-02 Assessing capacity strengthening needs for policy analysis in Malawi Babu, Suresh Chandra Mataya, Charles 1996 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Impact assessment Capacity strengthening DEVELOPMENT POLICIES EVALUATION MALAWI Considerable investments have been made in the past three decades in developing and strengthening institutions and the necessary human capacity for analyzing and implementing development policies. However, the impact of such efforts in creating a sustainable core of policy analysts has been limited. This paper is an attempt both methodological and operational to assess the capacity strengthening needs in food, agriculture and natural resource planning and policy analysis in Malawi. The main objective of the needs assessment exercise was to identify the constraints affecting individual and institutional performance in policy analysis and policy-making in the decision making systems involved in food, agriculture and natural resources sectors of Malawi. The expected outputs of the needs assessment exercise included: improved understanding of the technical and managerial roles of policy analysts in the decision making systems; improved understanding of the policy analysis skills required for the jobs and the associated gaps in them; increased understanding of the organizational constraints in implementing the results of policy analysis; and suggestions for improving the roles of policy analysts through training. oai:ifpri.org:1567 2008-06-02 Foodgrain price stabilization in developing countries:issues and experiences in Asia Islam, Nurul Thomas, Saji 1996 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Grain Prices Asia. Food prices Asia. Grain trade Asia. Price maintenance Asia. Food policies. The government of almost every country has intervened in the market pricing of foodgrains to promote price stability. But the rules of the game are changing as countries abandon trade restrictions and protectionist policies in the wake of the Uruguay Round agreement of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Will food prices fluctuate more or less with trade liberalization? Foodgrain Price Stabilization in Developing Countries: Issues and Experiences in Asia, Food Policy Review 3, by Nurul Islam and Saji Thomas, looks at these issues from three perspectives. The first part reviews the literature and briefly summarizes the macro and micro policies that governments in developing countries have adopted to stabilize prices. It also considers alternative policies that do not seek to stabilize prices per se but deal with the consequences of price instability for food producers and consumers, such as crop insurance or futures markets. The second part focuses on the foodgrain price stabilization experiences of five developing countries in Asia, the circumstances underlying price stabilization policy for rice and wheat over time in each country, and the design and implementation of the schemes adopted. The third part examines the implications of the policies adopted for future price stability. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/fprsyn3.pdf 59K oai:ifpri.org:1574 2008-06-02 Multi-disciplinary capacity strengthening for food and nutrition policy analysis:lessons from Malawi Babu, Suresh Chandra 1996 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) oai:ifpri.org:1578 2008-06-02 Food security and nutrition monitoring for development:can India learn from international experience? Babu, Suresh Chandra 1996 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) India. South Asia. Food security. oai:ifpri.org:1586 2008-06-02 A sluggish demand could be as potent as technological progress in creating surplus in staple production:the case of Bangladesh Ahmed, Raisuddin 1997 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Supply and demand. Urbanization. Rice Bangladesh. Income distribution Bangladesh. Production economics. During the decade from 1982/83 through 1992/93, Bangladesh was able to increase production of rice, its staple food, at a rate modestly higher than the growth in population. However, the growth in per capita supply remained stagnant, because of the substitution of imports with domestic production. On the other hand, per capita income grew about 2 percent per annum. Nevertheless, the real price of rice declined about 2.7 percent annually. This decline in the rice price, on the face of a stagnant supply and increasing incomes, aroused suspicion whether income distribution has twisted against the poor who have a higher marginal propensity to consume rice compared to the rich. Three factors are identified that contributed to the decline in the rice price while per capita income increased: a) urbanization, b) diversification of diet, and c) income distribution. The analysis shows that, of a total demand depressing effect of 15.6 percent, urbanization accounts for 4 percentage points, cross-price effects for 7 percentage points, and worsening income distribution accounts, residually, for 4.6 percentage points. These findings are based on plausible values of demand and supply parameters which warrant fresh evaluation in the context of rapid structural change in the economy of Bangladesh. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/dp16.pdf 172K oai:ifpri.org:1593 2008-06-02 Market development and food demand in rural China Huang, Jikun Rozelle, Scott 1995 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) China Rural conditions. Prices Government policy. Food consumption. Rural population. This paper seeks to understand how market imperfections affect the behavior of consumers in China's rural economy. A theoretical and empirical model is developed and estimated using a household-level data from six counties in Hebei Province. The results show that market development plays an important role in explaining food consumption behavior in China. As the market develops, farmers demand less grain and vegetables and consume more meat, fruit, and other food products after control for income and price effects. Moreover, the elasticities of demand also change as farm households begin to rely more on rural markets. The results of this paper suggest that a government concerned about the welfare of its rural population may want to be paying a more active role in fostering rural markets. Understanding the forces behind these consumption pattern shifts also will aid academics and policymakers in making better projections about future consumerneeds and price levels. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/dp04.pdf 241K oai:ifpri.org:1594 2008-06-02 Gender differences in agricultural productivity:a survey of empirical evidence Quisumbing, Agnes R. 1995 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Education Gender issues. Educational equalization. Technological innovations. Agricultural development. Land use. Gender Property rights Childcare and work Agricultural technology Agricultural growth This paper reviews the econometric evidence on gender differences in agricultural productivity. It provides a methodological overview and a critique of (1) production function-based estimates of technical and labor productivity differences by gender, (2) individual (gender-disaggregated) labor supply and earnings functions and (3) studies of the determinants of technological adoption. The review finds that (1) in general, male and female farmers are equally efficient as farm managers. Women farmers' lower yields are attributable to lower levels of inputs and human capital than men. However, the use of coefficients estimated from these studies for simulation exercises may not be valid if endogenous input choice is not considered; (2) returns to schooling for both men and women are significant in dynamic agricultural settings where modern technologies have been introduced. Returns to an additional year of women's education range from 2 to 15 percent, which compares favorably with those of men; and (3) farmers with more education are more likely to adopt new technologies. Providing universal primary education also stimulates early adoption by female farmers, whom other women are more likely to imitate. Farmers with more land and farm tools are also more likely to adopt new technologies. To the extent that women farmers may have less education, less access to land, and own fewer tools, they may be less likely to adopt new technologies. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/dp05.pdf 283K oai:ifpri.org:1595 2008-06-02 Gender differentials in farm productivity:implications for household efficiency and agricultural policy Alderman, Harold Hoddinott, John Haddad, Lawrence James Udry, Christopher R. 1995 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Burkina Faso. Production (Economic theory). Collective behavior. Africa. Gender Household resource allocation Within many African households, agricultural production is simultaneously carried out on many plots controlled by different members of the household. Detailed plot-level agronomic data from Burkina Faso provides striking evidence of inefficiencies in the allocation of factors of production across the plots controlled by different members of the household. Production function estimates imply that the value of household output could be increased by 10 to 20 percent by reallocating currently-used factors of production across plots. This finding contradicts standard models of agricultural households. A richer model of behavior, which recognizes that the individuals who comprise a household compete as well as cooperate, has important implications for the structure of agricultural production and for the design of agricultural policy. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/dp06.pdf 214K oai:ifpri.org:1598 2008-06-02 Measuring food insecurity:the frequency and severity of "coping strategies" Maxwell, Daniel G. 1995 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Food security. Research Methodology. Accra Urban Food and Nutrition Study Urban programming Assessment Targeting Surveys Methodology GHANA WEST AFRICA Defining and interpreting food security, and measuring it in reliable, valid and cost-effective ways, have proven to be stubborn problems facing researchers and programs intended to monitor food security risks. This paper briefly reviews the conceptual and methodological literature on food insecurity measurement, describes a particular method for distinguishing and measuring short-term food insecurity at the household level, and discusses ways of generalizing the method. The method developed enumerates the frequency and severity of strategies relied on by urban households when faced with a short-term insufficiency of food. This method goes beyond more commonly-used measures of caloric consumption to incorporate vulnerability elements of food insecurity as well as the deliberate actions of household decisionmakers when faced with food insufficiency. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/dp08.pdf 195K oai:ifpri.org:1601 2008-06-02 Determinants of repayment performance in credit groups:the role of program design, intra-group risk pooling, and social cohesion in Madagascar Zeller, Manfred 1996 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Community participation. Madagascar Credit Madagascar. Group lending has received much attention in recent years because of its perceived potential in providing financial services to poor households that lack traditional collateral. The analysis in this paper focuses on the effects of program design, community and group characteristics on the repayment performance of groups, using a data set on groups from six different lending programs in Madagascar. The results show that socially cohesive groups pool risks by diversifying the members' asset portfolio so that their repayment performance is improved even in communities with high-risk exposure. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/dp13.pdf 190K oai:ifpri.org:1603 2008-06-02 Mitigating the effects of drought through food security monitoring:lessons from Malawi Babu, Suresh Chandra Chapasuka, Evance 1996 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Malawi. Africa, Sub-Saharan. Food security. Nutrition. Droughts Economic aspects Africa, Sub-Saharan. This paper using a case study of Malawi, demonstrates the use of food security and nutrition monitoring system for managing and mitigating the effects of drought. The implementation of Food Security and Nutrition Monitoring during the drought emergency is presented along with a description of the process of information generation and the use of results in emergency interventions. Presenting the lessons learned from the Malawi experience for the benefit of future drought management and disaster prevention efforts in other sub-Saharan African countries, the paper concludes that a decentralized system of data collection, processing, and analysis is more likely to be successful in planning interventions for food security and nutritional improvements during the periods of drought. oai:ifpri.org:1604 2008-06-02 Impact evaluation at IFPRI Islam, Yassir Wanmali, Sudhir He, Jane J. Broca, Sumiter Singh Ahmed, Akhter U. 1996 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) oai:ifpri.org:1605 2008-06-02 IFPRI's research and outreach activities:a conceptual framework Wanmali, Sudhir Islam, Yassir 1996 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) oai:ifpri.org:1606 2008-06-02 Repayment performance in group-based credit programs in Bangladesh:an empirical analysis Sharma, Manohar Zeller, Manfred 1996 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Credit. Research Methodology. Bangladesh This paper analyzes the repayment rates of credit groups belonging to three group-based credit programs in Bangladesh: the Association for Social Advancement (ASA), the Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC), and the Rangpur Dinajpur Rural Service (RDRS). Hypotheses are drawn from economic theory relating group responsibility, and the resulting monitoring by peers, to a more effective enforcement of contractual obligations as well as to improved ability of the group as a whole to repay loans. Specific tests are performed on the following hypothesized determinants: group size, size of loans, degree of loan rationing, enterprise mix within groups, demographic characteristics, social ties and status, and occurrence of idiosyncratic shocks. Analysis is conducted using TOBIT maximum likelihood procedures. Implications for policy and institutional design are discussed. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/dp15.pdf 195K oai:ifpri.org:1607 2008-06-02 Farm productivity and rural poverty in India Datt, Gaurav. Ravallion, Martin 1998 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Farm income India. Rural poor India. Prices. Poverty To what extent do India's rural poor share in agricultural growth? Combining data from 24 household sample surveys spanning 35 years with other sources, we estimate a model of the joint determination of consumption-poverty measures, agricultural wages, and food prices. We find that higher farm productivity brought both absolute and relative gains to poor rural households. A large share of the gains were via wages and prices, though these effects took time. The benefits to the poor were not confined to those near the poverty line. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/dp42.pdf 272K oai:ifpri.org:1610 2008-06-02 Remittances, income distribution, and rural asset accumulation Adams, Richard H., Jr. 1996 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Income distribution. Land use. Agricultural economics. Livestock. Pakistan. This paper examines the direct, first-rounds impact of two types of remittancesinternal and external remittanceson income distribution and asset accumulation in rural Pakistan. Using income decomposition techniques on a three-year panel household data set, the paper finds that internal remittances have a positive effect on equity and that external remittances have a negative effect. The study also uses an asset-accumulation model to pinpoint the effect of remittances on five types of rural assets: irrigated land owned, rainfed land owned, livestock assets, agricultural capital, and nonfarm assets. The results show that remittances do have an effect on rural asset accumulation. While external remittances have a positive and significant effect on the accumulation of land, internal remittances have a positive and significant effect on the accumulation of agricultural capital. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/dp17.pdf 227K oai:ifpri.org:1611 2008-06-02 Agricultural marketing and price incentives:a comparative study of African and Asian countries Ahmed, Raisuddin Rustagi, Narendra 1985. [Washington, D.C.] : International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), 1985. Agricultural prices Africa. Agricultural prices Asia. Farm produce Africa Marketing. Farm produce Asia Marketing. oai:ifpri.org:1614 2008-06-02 Care and nutrition:concepts and measurement Engle, Patrice L. Menon, Purnima Haddad, Lawrence James 1997 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Child care Developing countries Evaluation. Child development Developing countries Evaluation. Children Developing countries Nutrition. Children Health and hygiene Developing countries. Nutrition policy Developing countries. Care is the provision in the household and the community of time, attention and support to meet the physical, mental, and social needs of the growing child and other household members. The significance of care has been best articulated in the UNICEF framework. This paper extends the model presented by UNICEF by defining resources for care and specific care behaviors, and presenting an argument for the importance of child characteristics in determining the level of care received. Resources for care are defined as caregiver education, knowledge and beliefs, caregiver physical health and nutritional status, caregiver mental health and self-confidence, autonomy and control of resources, workload and time availability, and family and community social support. Care behaviors discussed here are two of the six proposed: feeding and psychosocial care. This paper also proposes an orientation to the measurement of care, and provides suggestions for indicators for care resources and the two care behaviors, based on a summary of recent literature. Finally, the paper argues for greater attention to research on the causal linkages between care and child nutrition. oai:ifpri.org:1616 2008-06-02 Food security and nutrition implications of intrahousehold bias:a review of literature Haddad, Lawrence James Pea, Christine Nishida, Chizuru Quisumbing, Agnes R. Slack, Alison T. 1996 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Resource allocation Gender issues. Development policies. Food consumption Developing countries. Nutritional status Poverty Gender Household resource allocation Health and nutrition The success of development policy depends on the ability to successfully anticipate the response of individuals to changing incentives. Often, however, actual responses differ from anticipated responses. One important reason for this divergence is a poor understanding of how rights, responsibilities, and resources are allocated within institutions such as the household. The insights derived from intrahousehold research between the late 1970s and the mid-1980s on the determinants of food and nutritional status served as an important catalyst for the general development of the intrahousehold approach to development policy analysis. Despite serving as a building block for the wider study of intrahousehold resource allocation, there has not been an in-depth review of sex and gender differences in the food consumption and nutrition literature in the past 10 years. This paper seeks to fill this gap. In addition, the paper undertakes a review of the gender and poverty literature, because economic access to food is so fundamental to food security and nutrition. Specifically, the paper aims to (1) critically review the existing literature and studies on the distribution of food and other proximate factors within the household (with an emphasis on boy-girl differences), (2) critically review the existing literature and studies in the areas of poverty and gender, gender and income earning, drawing out implications for food and nutrition programs, and (3) highlight some important methodological concerns related to poverty, income, and food consumption measurement. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/dp19.pdf 535K oai:ifpri.org:1617 2008-06-02 Priority-setting in food and agricultural policy research:a case study and lessons from Malawi Babu, Suresh Chandra Khaila, Stanley 1996 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) This paper develops a conceptual framework for setting priorities in public policy research at a country level. Using the conceptual framework as a guide, a case study of priority-setting in food and agricultural policy research in Malawi is presented. Lessons are derived from the Malawi approach for similar attempts elsewhere. Priority-setting in policy research provides an opportunity to better organize the research programs and to ensure the user participation in policy research for increased use of research information in policy decisionmaking. It is argued that the process of priority-setting in policy research should be seen as an integral part of the process of policy formulation and implementation. oai:ifpri.org:1619 2008-06-02 Macroeconomic crises and poverty monitoring:a case study for India Datt, Gaurav Ravallion, Martin 1996 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Poverty. Welfare economics. Macroeconomics. India. Assessment Assessment of the welfare impacts of low-frequency events, such as macroeconomic crises and stabilizations, are often confounded by sampling and nonsampling errors that generate fluctuations in household survey-based welfare indicators; they are also limited by our ability to explain fluctuations in terms of other available data. Basing policy on short-term movements in welfare indicators can thus be hazardous. There was a sharp increase in India's poverty measures in the aftermath of the mid-1991 crisis and the ensuing stabilization reforms. However, only one-tenth of the increase in measured poverty is explicable in terms of the variables one would expect to transmit the shock. Poverty measures soon returned to their pre-reform levels, belying the notion of a reforms-induced structural break. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/dp20.pdf 202K oai:ifpri.org:1622 2008-06-02 Livestock income, male/female animals, and inequality in rural Pakistan Adams, Richard H., Jr. 1996 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Dairy cattle Economic aspects Pakistan. Livestock. Income distribution Rural population. This paper uses income decomposition techniques to demonstrate the importance of livestock income in improving rural income distribution. It is based on three-year household panel data (1986 to 1989) from rural Pakistan. The paper first decomposes total income among five sources: agricultural, nonfarm, livestock, rental and transfer. This shows that livestock income is inequality-decreasing and that it makes the smallest contribution to overall inequality. The study then decomposes the sources of livestock inequality by type of animal. While livestock income from male animals has a negative impact on equity, livestock income from one female animal (local cow) has a positive effect. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/dp21.pdf 252K oai:ifpri.org:1623 2008-06-02 How can safety nets do more with less?:general issues with some evidence from Southern Africa Haddad, Lawrence James Zeller, Manfred. 1996 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Southern Africa. Welfare economics. Safety nets. Research. Poverty alleviation. This paper reviews design features by which safety nets might do more with less. It reviews the current evidence on their success in practiceincluding three brief reviews of southern Africa experienceand suggests a role for future policy research in furthering the goal of designing safety nets that reduce poverty in a cost-effective way. In doing so, the paper highlights a tension between the large gaps in our knowledge about the design of safety nets and the demand for short-run answers in this area. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/dp16.pdf 233K oai:ifpri.org:1624 2008-06-02 Demand for high-value secondary crops in developing countries:the case of potatoes in Bangladesh and Pakistan Bouis, Howarth E. Scott, Gregory J. 1996 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Economics Methodology. Pakistan. Potatoes Economic aspects. Crop diversification. Price maintenance Asia. Bangladesh. Secondary crops are of increasing interest to policymakers and planners in developing countries because of a desire to diversify economic activities and because of their proven potential to raise farm incomes and rural employment. To assess this potential, basic information on the demand characteristics for these crops is required. But, given the large number of possible crops to be studied, policy analysts require an estimation procedure that is less data-intensive and time-intensive than standard econometric estimation procedures. In this paper, a relatively new, low-cost procedure, based on demand for food characteristics, is applied, illustrating its usefulness for analysis of demand for potatoes in Bangladesh and Pakistan. In Asia, the potato should not be regarded as a starchy staple whose consumption declines as income increases, but rather as a food with a positive income elasticity. Due to the high calorie cost of potatoes relative to wheat and rice, potatoes are often valued primarily for the variety they contribute to the diet and their taste, rather than for the calories they provide. This means that demand for potatoes should increase with income in the future. However, expansion of demand for potatoes as an alternative food staple is conditional upon the cost per calorie for potatoes approaching that for wheat and rice. Results from Bangladesh for more recent years show that with the rise in potato production, relative prices for potatoes versus wheat fell and per capita consumption of potatoes increased considerably. These findings are consistent with demand parameters generated utilizing the new estimation procedure. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/dp14.pdf 277K oai:ifpri.org:1641 2008-06-02 Liberalisation et competitivite de la filiere arachidiere au Sngal Badiane, Ousmane 1997 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Groundnuts Africa. Senegal Commercial policy. Peanut industry Africa. Au bout d'une dcennie de Nouvelle Politique Agricole, l'conomie arachidire se trouve dans une situation de morosit sans prcdent. Et comme l'a bien reconnu le rapport du Groupe de Reflexion Stratgique, qui a t mis sur pied par le ministre de l'agriculture, il faudra, pour relancer le secteur, rompre avec les approches productivistes, qui consistent vouloir augmenter les surfaces et les productions sans trop se soucier de la rentabilit au niveau de tous les stades de la filire. Les politiques de prix et de commercialisation font partie des facteurs principaux qui affectent les niveau de rentabilit et de comptitivit au sein de la filire arachidire. La rforme de ces politiques devra donc ncessairement faire partie du dbat sur la relance du secteur. Le prsent papier se propose d'analyser les effets d'une ventuelle rforme de ces politiques sur les incitations la production et la rentabilit dans le secteur de transformation. Les rsultats indiquent qu'une libralilsation des marchs, sans une rduction substantielle des cots de commercialisation observs dans le secteur priv, pourrait avoir des consquences srieuses pour la comptitivit du secteur de transformation. D'où le besoin d'accorder suffisamment d'attention en cas de libralisation l'emergence d'un secteur priv de commercialisation competitif et efficient. Les rsultats indiquent galement qu'une libralisation effective des politiques de prix et de commercialisation doit ncessairement aller de pair avec une amlioration de la productivit et une forte rduction des cots unitaires de production dans le secteur de transformation. Force est donce de reconnaître que le problme de la filire est loin d'tre uniquement un problme de prix et de systme de commercialisation ou de production. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/dp17.pdf 271K oai:ifpri.org:1642 2008-06-02 Changing fish trade and demand patterns in developing countries and their significance for policy research Delgado, Christopher L. Courbois, Claude 1997 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) East Asia. Fisheries Economic aspects Developing countries. Fish-culture. Prices. Exports. Trends for major fisheries products are evaluated for the past two decades, using aggregate annual data. Major changes have been propelled by income growth, changes in preferences and health concerns about meat in developed countries, leading to increased consumption of high-valued fisheries items such as shell and filet fish. Developing countries, especially East Asia, are rapidly increasing consumption of lower valued fishery items, and fish-culture is becoming an increasingly important source of food and exports. Developed countries accounted for 85 percent of net world fish imports in 1994, mostly at the high end of the value spectrum, from about twenty countries. In the ten years preceding 1993, the net value of fisheries exports from developing countries went from less than a third of net developing country exports of sugar, beverage crops and tropical specialty products combined, to a level exceeding that total. While real fish prices have remained relatively stable since 1970, real beef prices have declined by 300 percent, suggesting that a rally in meat prices would further accentuate the shift to fish. Current evidence suggests a 15 percent relative strengthening of fish prices to beef through 2020. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/dp18.pdf 123K oai:ifpri.org:1647 2008-06-02 Coalitions and the organization of multiple-stakeholder action:a case study of agricultural research and extension in Rajasthan, India Alsop, Ruth 1998 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Agricultural extension work. Rainfed farming. India. Decentralization implies an increase in the number of stakeholders involved in the design and implementation of interventions. This paper draws upon the experience of a multi-stakeholder program in India which has sought to increase the contribution of rainfed agriculture to rural household's economic portfolios. The strategy has been one of enhancing government research and extension service provision through collaboration and coalition building between NGOs and government line departments. Evidence from the last four years demonstrates that coalitions are appropriate vehicles for managing interaction among multiple and diverse organizations. However, as fluid entities without permanent governance systems, coalitions require formalized support mechanisms to function effectively. The value to project designers and policy makers of this paper lies primarily in the description and analysis of the "nested" organizational support system which developed to fulfill the every day needs of the coalition in Rajasthan. Its secondary value lies in the discussion of conceptual and practical aspects of building and supporting coalitions. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/eptdp34.pdf 133K oai:ifpri.org:1695 2008-06-02 Community natural resource management:the case of woodlots in northern Ethiopia Gebremedhin, Berhanu Pender, John L. Tesfaye, Girmay 2000 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) resource management Forest management Population density Collective behavior Ethiopia This paper examines the nature of community management of woodlots and investigates the determinants of collective action and its effectiveness in managing woodlots, based on a survey of 100 villages in Tigray, northern Ethiopia. We find that collective management of woodlots generally functions well in Tigray. Despite limited current benefits received by community members, the woodlots contribute substantially to community wealth, increasing members' willingness to provide collective effort to manage the woodlots. We find that benefits are greater and problems less on woodlots managed at the village level than those managed at a higher municipality level, and that the average intensity of management is greater on village-managed woodlots. Nevertheless, we find little evidence of differences in collective management of woodlots or its effectiveness on village vs. municipality-managed woodlots, after controlling for other factors. The factors that do significantly affect collective action include population density (higher collective labor input and lower planting density at intermediate than at low or high density), market access (less labor input, planting density and tree survival where market access is better), and presence of external organizations promoting the woodlot (reduces local effort to protect the woodlot and tree survival). The negative effect of market access suggests that higher opportunity costs of labor and/or increased exit options undermine collective resource management. The findings suggest collective action may be more beneficial and more effective when managed at a more local level, when the role of external organizations is more demand-driven, and when promoted in intermediate population density communities more remote from markets. In higher population density settings and areas closer to markets, private-oriented approaches are likely to be more effective. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/eptdp60.pdf 174K oai:ifpri.org:1696 2008-06-02 Quality or quantity?:the supply-side determinants of primary schooling in rural Mozambique Handa, Sudhanshu Simler, Kenneth R. 2000 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) School children. Education Economic aspects. Mozambique The role of school quality in determining educational outcomes has received much research attention in the United States. However, in developing countries, where a significant part of the school age population never attends school, policymakers must consider both quality and quantity when deciding how to maximize the impact of scarce investments. Acknowledging this difference in the policy environment in developing countries, this paper provides comparative estimates of the impact of quality versus quantity investments in school supply in rural Mozambique, one of the world's poorest countries. Policy simulations show that improving school quality (through the pupil-teacher ratio) increases grade attainment and efficiency by approximately 9 percent with no impact on overall enrollment rates. However, these same results can be generated by increasing starting enrollment probabilities through the establishment of new schools in all rural villages that currently do not have schools. Furthermore, similar rates of increase in school achievement indicators can be achieved by building schools in only 56 percent of all villages currently without schools, provided these schools are placed in those villages that also do not have a school nearby. When cost information is considered, the main policy implication is that the expansion of school quantity through well targeted placement of new schools will provide the greatest increase in educational outcomes for Mozambique at this time. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/fcndp83.pdf 112K oai:ifpri.org:1698 2008-06-02 The impact of livestock and fisheries on food availability and demand in 2020 Delgado, Christopher L. Crosson, Pierre Courbois, Claude 1997 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Livestock productivity Sudan. Fishery production. Food consumption Developing countries. Food consumption forecasting. Africa. Asia. People in developed countries consume about 3 to 4 times as much meat and fish, and 5 to 6 times as much milk products per capita as in developing Asia and Africa. Yet, meat, milk, and fish consumption per capita has barely grown in the developed countries as a whole over the past 20 years. Growth in per capita consumption and production has occurred in developing regions such as developing Asia, where income has increased from a low level and urbanization is rapid. By 2020, according to projections by IFPRI's IMPACT model, the share of the developing countries in total world meat consumption will rise from 47 percent currently to 64 percent. The net impact on food access for the poor of the world will depend on their role as producers of meat, milk, and fish, their role as consumers, and their need for protein. The amount of cereals per capita consumed directly by rural people will decline as they diversify their diets into animal proteins, but feed use will increase greatly. Available evidence suggests that on balance poor consumers in developing countries will probably be better off. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/dp19.pdf 83K oai:ifpri.org:1706 2008-06-02 Natural resource and sustainability monitoring:a conceptual framework, issues and challenges Babu, Suresh Chandra 1997 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) oai:ifpri.org:1723 2008-06-02 Administering food producer prices in Africa:lessons from international experiences. Aboyade, Ojetunji. 1985. Washington, D.C. : International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Agricultural price supports Africa. Agricultural administration Africa. oai:ifpri.org:1727 2008-06-02 Determinants of household access to and participation in formal and informal credit markets in Malawi Diagne, Aliou 1999 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Credit. Land tenure Malawi. Assets. Malawi The paper uses the concept of credit limit to analyze the determinants of household access to and participation in informal and formal credit markets in Malawi. Households are found to be credit constrained, on average, both in the formal and informal sectors; they borrow, on average, less than half of any increase in their credit lines. Furthermore,they are not discouraged in their participation and borrowing decisions by further increases in the formal interest rate and/or the transaction costs associated with getting formal credit. This suggests that getting access to credit is much more important than its cost for these households. Hence, credit policies should focus on making access easier rather than providing credit with subsidized interest rates. The composition of household assets is found to be much more important as a determinant of household access to formal credit than the total value of household assets or landholding size. In particular, a higher share of land and livestock in the total value of household assets is negatively correlated with access to formal credit. However, land remains a significant determinant of access to informal credit. Therefore, poor households whose assets consist mostly of land and livestock but who want to diversify into nonfarm income generation activities may be constrained by lack of capital. As informal loans are usually too small to help poor households start a viable nonfarm business, these households may be forced to rely on farming as the sole source of income, despite its unreliability because of the frequency of drought in Malawi. Finally, formal and informal credit are found to be imperfect substitutes. In particular, formal credit, whenever available, reduces but does not completely eliminate informal borrowing. This suggests that the two forms of credit fulfill different functions in the household's intertemporal transfer of resources. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/dp67.pdf 271K oai:ifpri.org:1736 2008-06-02 Rural economy and farm income diversification in developing countries Delgado, Christopher L. Siamwalla, Ammar 1997 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Alternative agriculture. Exports. Southeast Asia. Sub-Saharan Africa. Farm-level diversification, the adoption of alternative income-generating activities by farm households, is rarely deemed an explicit objective by economists. Where agricultural transformation has occurred, markets function well and agriculture is a waning portion of overall national product, such as the rice growing regions of Southeast Asia, farm diversification might be a desirable outcome of pursuing a market liberalization objective, but is probably not an end in itself. In Sub-Saharan Africa, where these conditions often do not hold, development depends on pro-actively commercializing rural areas. African farmers tend to diversify their production activities widely to mitigate risk, but to only produce one or two exportable commodities. High transaction costs are common barriers to diversification into new export opportunities, especially for the poor and less well-informed, who tend to fall behind during times of rapid structural change. Identifying appropriate rural institutions to incorporate rural people into new export opportunities is a major priority for relevant policy research; contract farming and participatory cooperatives offer promise and merit further study. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/dp20.pdf 126K oai:ifpri.org:1745 2008-06-02 Evaluating food security monitoring systems in Africa:a case study and lessons from Uganda Babu, Suresh Chandra 1997 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) oai:ifpri.org:1746 2008-06-02 IFPRI and the abolition of the wheat flour ration shops in Pakistan:a case-study on policymaking and the use and impact of research Islam, Yassir Garrett, James L. 1997 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Nutrition policy Research Case studies. Nutrition policy Policy development Developing countries Case studies. International Food Policy Research Institute Evaluation. Nutrition policies. Developing countries. Impact assessment Vietnam Public action VIET NAM PAKISTAN BANGLADESH SOUTH ASIA SOUTH EAST ASIA In February 1987, the Government of Pakistan (GOP) abolished the wheat ration shop system. Started as a food rationing program during World War II in colonial India, it had degenerated by the 1980s into a wasteful corrupt system that failed to reach the poor. Why did it take so long for this monument to come tumbling down? Was this simply fortuitous, or was it a well-planned and timed demolition? Our findings suggest that IFPRI research on this issue, commissioned and conducted in Pakistan, played a key role in this historic decision. A case study of this decision represents one means by which IFPRI can gauge the impact of its work on policy choices. In order to understand IFPRI's contribution to the outcome, this paper looks closely at how the information was produced, communicated, and used in the policymaking process leading to the decision. This analysis can suggest whether, and how, IFPRI's work mattered in the final decision to eliminate the ration shops, and provide lessons about what IFPRI can do to increase both the relevance and impact of its research activities. Understanding how information is used in policymaking at the country-level should also provide valuable insights that can be applied when analyzing the impact of research at the regional or international level, a hallmark of IFPRI's research strategy. This case study is also important because it is one of the few attempts to identify a particular body of IFPRI research and trace its use by policymakers in the decisionmaking process. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/iadp01.pdf 225K oai:ifpri.org:1776 2008-06-02 Role of farm-level diversification in the adoption of modern technology in Brazil Nerlove, Marc Vosti, Stephen A. Basel, Wesley 1996 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Agricultural innovations Brazil. Agriculture Technology transfer Brazil. Agricultural productivity Brazil. Farms, Small Brazil. Livestock. Technological innovations Brazil. The success of modern technology in increasing yields on high-potential lands has been so great that researchers and policymakers alike have been quick to use modern inputs on marginal lands as well. But the results of applying Green Revolution technologies to marginal lands have often been disappointing. What changes in policy and technologies are necessary for use of modern technology to increase the productivity of these marginal lands effectively and sustainably? Research indicates that farms that had substantial yield increases were those that specialized in a few farm products, usually in the products where technological advances were most pronounced. Roles of Farm-Level Diversification in the Adoption of Modern Technology in Brazil, Research Report 104, by Marc Nerlove, Stephen Vosti, and Wesley Basel, focuses on the links between technology adoption and farmers' decisions on product mix and output diversification on what crops or livestock to produce and in what proportions. The report asks the following questions: Does the production of certain types or combinations of products promote or inhibit the use of modern technology? Does concentration on particular products reduce or increase modern input use? Are farmers who have radically altered their product mix more likely to use modern technology intensively? oai:ifpri.org:1782 2008-06-02 Groundwater markets in Pakistan:participation and productivity Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela 1996 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Groundwater Economic aspects Pakistan. Irrigation water Economic aspects Pakistan. Wells Economic aspects Pakistan. South Asia. In Pakistan, where agriculture is heavily dependent on irrigation, informal water markets are an increasingly important way to provide small farmers and tenant farmers with access to ground- water. The public canal irrigation system provides water to farmers who own land within designated areas, but it does not provide all farmers with adequate water supplies when they need it. Therefore, farmers who can afford it are installing tubewells as a sole or supplementary source of irrigation (Figure 1). Despite the growth in private tubewells, ownership remains limited to a relatively small percentage of farmers. Some well owners also sell groundwater to other nearby farmers. The resulting localized, informal markets have become an important source of irrigation for many farmers. Although selling water from private wells is a long-standing practice in South Asia, these informal arrangements are only now being examined in detail. As water becomes scarce or degraded, more information is needed to help Pakistan and other South Asian countries make policy decisions that will improve equity of access to groundwater resources. Groundwater Markets in Pakistan: Participation and Productivity, Research Report 105, by Ruth Meinzen-Dick, looks at how water markets operate, who participates, the nature of the transactions, and the effects of the markets on agricultural productivity and incomes, in order to determine what helps or hinders the emergence of viable water markets. The report reviews the current literature on groundwater markets, the empirical evidence on performance, and the available policy options. The study examines patterns of private tubewell and groundwater market development using district-level data for the country as a whole, then looks in detail at the performance of groundwater markets using farm household data collected in an IFPRI survey conducted in 1990-92. oai:ifpri.org:1808 2008-06-02 China's food economy to the twenty-first century:supply, demand, and trade Huang, Jikun Rozelle, Scott Rosegrant, Mark W. 1997 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Grain Economic aspects China. Food security China "This paper accounts for the structural changes now taking place in China ... and suggests that China is not likely to become either an enormous importer or exporter of grain. Ultimately, though, China's grain balances will depend on decisions made by Chinese policymakers rather than natural resource constraints" P. v. 1.6M oai:ifpri.org:1814 2008-06-02 Infrastructure and agricultural development:policy issues / research priorities 1988 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Infrastructure (Economics) Developing countries. Agricultural development projects Developing countries. oai:ifpri.org:1841 2008-06-02 Southern Africa:economic structure, trade, and regional integration Mukherjee, Natasha Robinson, Sherman 1996 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Southern Africa. Mozambique Economic conditions. Social accounting Mathematical models. Southern Africa. Trade policy Africa, Sub-Saharan. Many of the countries in the Southern Africa region have very sketchy trade data, due to disruptions in data collection (caused by war in the case of Mozambique and sanctions-induced secrecy in South Africa, for instance) or weak statistical institutions. These trade data are also often in conflict with one another, occasionally even by several orders of magnitude. While much anecdotal information on trade flows exists (especially on newly created trade), it is only now that basic and systematic research on formal trade flows in Southern African is being conducted (e.g. USAID-funded EAGER project and Will Masters at Purdue University, David Evans at University of Sussex, International Food Policy Research Institute's Macroeconomic Reforms and Regional Integration in Southern Africa MERRISA project). The sparse research agenda on trade issues is a serious problem, in light of Southern Africa's desire for deepened regional integration, improved prospects for economic growth, and equitable development. This paper will present trade (exports and imports, at a 1-digit SITC level, but with maize listed as a separate trade item) data from approximately 20 different sources, both from individual countries and international organizations, for the period 1980-present. The paper will show the major inconsistencies in the trade data between the different data sources. The main contribution of this paper is the reconciliation of the trade data, using a 'cross-entropy' estimation method, to make efficient use of prior information about the structure of trade in the Southern Africa region. The benefit of this approach is that it is very flexible and undemanding in its statistical assumptions, and it allows the use of the trade information in a variety of forms, such as inequality constraints, errors in measurement, and extraneous estimates of various parameters. To date, the cross-entropy method has been applied to the Social Accounting Matrices (SAMs) for the MERRISA countries, including the SAM for Zimbabwe. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/tmdp15.pdf 2.43M oai:ifpri.org:1845 2008-06-02 Global food demand and the contribution of livestock as we enter the new millennium Delgado, Christopher L. Courbois, Claude Rosegrant, Mark W. 1998 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Food consumption forecasting. Proteins in human nutrition. Livestock China. China People in developed countries currently consume about 3 to 4 times as much meat and fish, and 5 to 6 times as much milk products per capita as in developing Asia and Africa. Meat, milk, and fish consumption per capita has barely grown in the developed countries as a whole over the past 20 years. Yet poor people everywhere clearly desire to eat more animal protein products as their incomes rise above poverty level and as they become urbanized. Growth in per capita consumption and production has in fact occurred in regions such as developing Asia, and most particularly China. Per capita consumption of animal proteins and use of cereals as feed in Asia have both grown in the 3 to 5 percent per annum range over the past 20 years. By 2020, according to IFPRI's IMPACT model projections, the share of developing countries in total world meat consumption will expand from 47 percent currently to 63 percent. IMPACT projections under various technical and economic assumptions suggest that there is enough production supply response in world systems to accomplish these production increases smoothly. Sensitivity analysis of the impact of restrictions on China's ability to produce more feedgrains illustrates that in a system of linked global markets for cereals and livestock products, such restrictions are not effective at lowering Chinese livestock consumption, which is driven by global trade in manufactures, although they do lower Chinese livestock production. The resulting imbalance raises world feed costs by one-third in 2020 over anticipated levels, encourages increased livestock exports from Latin America, discourages livestock exports from the U.S., and reduces meat and cereals imports and consumption in the poorer countries of Africa and Asia. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/dp21.pdf 89K oai:ifpri.org:1848 2008-06-02 Linking policy research to policy reform:social science and food security research in Uganda and Ghana Maxwell, Daniel G. 1996 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) oai:ifpri.org:1883 2008-06-02 Summary proceedings of a workshop on cereal yield variability Hazell, P. B. R., ed. 1986 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Grain Yields Congresses. Grain production Congresses. oai:ifpri.org:1884 2008-06-02 Les politiques alimentaires face aux changements dans les modes de consommation des cereales en Afrique de l'ouest : approche bibliographique Benoit-Cattin, Michel Delgado, Christopher L. 1986 Montpellier : Dpartement Systmes agraires du CIRAD, Centre de Coopration Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le D veloppement ; Washington, D.C. : International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), 1986. Grain trade Africa, West Bibliography. Agricultural policy Africa, West Bibliography. Food consumption Africa, West Bibliography. Agriculture Economic aspects Africa, West Bibliography. oai:ifpri.org:1889 2008-06-02 Rice policy, trade, and exchange rate changes in Indonesia:a general equilibrium analysis Robinson, Sherman El-Said, Moataz San, Nu Nu 1998 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Econometric models. Rice Indonesia Marketing. Trade policy Econometric models. Price maintenance Asia. Computable general equilibrium (CGE). This paper presents an agriculture-focused computable general equilibrium model that can be used to analyze the economy-wide impacts of changes in technology, market structure, and the foreign exchange rate on resource allocation, production, and trade in Indonesia. The model includes a specification of the rice market and the government price-support, stocking, and trade policies for rice. Using a mixed complementarity approach, the model incorporates inequalities and changes in policy regime as prices and/or stocks move within specified bands. The model is used to examine the impact on the Indonesian economy of changes in rice yield and exchange rates given different assumptions about the operations of BULOG (National Logistic Agency). An important result is that there is inefficient allocation of resources within agriculture and the rest of the economy if BULOG operates to maintain the rice price when there are significant increases in rice productivity or changes in the exchange rate. With increased productivity in rice, the price support scheme retains resources in rice production that would be better used in other, high value, agriculture. With devaluation, maintaining a low rice price discriminates against rice producers and hence slows the process of structural adjustment. In addition, the price support program is costly and strains the government accounts, even if the administrative costs of operating the program are ignored. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/tmdp27.pdf 344K oai:ifpri.org:1898 2008-06-02 Agricultural growth through crop diversification in Bangladesh. Mahmud, Wahiduddin Rahman, Sultan Hafeez Zohir, Sajjad 1994 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Crop diversification Bangladesh. Agricultural productivity Bangladesh. Cropping systems Bangladesh. Crops Growth. oai:ifpri.org:1901 2008-06-02 Water resources in the twenty-first century:challenges and implications for action. Rosegrant, Mark W. 1997 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Water resources development. Sustainable agriculture. Water-supply. Irrigation farming. In this paper, Mark W. Rosegrant assesses global water supply and demand, describes in detail the forces contributing to water scarcity, and lays out a number of strategies for managing water in the future. Any solution, Rosegrant asserts, will need to involve both the careful exploitation of new sources of water and strong measures to stimulate more efficient use of water. Policies must treat water not as a free good, as they often do now, but rather as a scarce commodity that comes at a price. Cooperation between countries sharing the same water basin will also become increasingly important as water becomes more scarce. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/dp20.pdf 2.54M oai:ifpri.org:1903 2008-06-02 Alimentation, agriculture et environnement:une vision pour l'an 2020 : la vision, le dfi et l'action recommande, Octobre 1995. 1995. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Food security. Agriculture Environmental aspects. Environmental protection. oai:ifpri.org:1927 2008-06-02 Gender, property rights, and natural resources Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela Brown, Lynn R. Feldstein, Hilary Sims Quisumbing, Agnes R. 1997 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Natural resource management Gender Property rights Natural resources. MULTIPLE USE This paper analyzes the ways in which gender issues affect property rights and the use of natural resources in developing countries. It examines the informal practices of resource use, usually involving multiple uses by multiple users. Traditional systems of access to land, water, and trees reflect complex dynamics among community members that must be understood in order to design successful policy interventions concerning natural resources. Drawing on examples from developing countries worldwide, the paper identifies broad patterns in how property rights are determined. It discusses the effects of privatization and commoditization of resources, and it identifies key issues to consider in the context of proposed resource management programs. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/dp29.pdf 183K oai:ifpri.org:1931 2008-06-02 Relationships and traders in Madagascar. Fafchamps, Marcel Minten, Bart 1998 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Agricultural trade. Madagascar Credit Madagascar. This paper documents the role that personal relationships play in economic exchange. Original survey data show that agricultural traders in Madagascar perceive relationships as the most important factor for success in their business.Evidence details the extent to which relationships are used to serve a variety of purposes such as: the circulation of information about prices and market conditions; the provision of trade credit; the prevention and handling of contractual difficulties; the regularity of trade flows; and the mitigation of risk. Of these, the regularity of supply and demand and the sharing of risk appear particularly important. Larger and more pros-perous traders are those with quantitatively and qualitatively better relationships. Family plays little role in business beyond assistance at start-up. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/dp24.pdf 181K oai:ifpri.org:1933 2008-06-02 Medium-term plan International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) 19??- International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) International Food Policy Research Institute Planning Periodicals. Nutrition policy Developing countries Periodicals. oai:ifpri.org:1934 2008-06-02 2002-2003 IFPRI Annual Report 2003 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) International Food Policy Research Institute. Food security. Food supply Developing countries. Poverty. Environmental protection. HIV/AIDS Africa Social aspects. HIV/AIDS Political aspects. Africa, Sub-Saharan. Agricultural policy. Agricultural development Rural areas Developing countries. Malnutrition Africa, Sub-Saharan Economic aspects. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/ar02.pdf 964K oai:ifpri.org:1935 2008-06-02 Social accounting matrices for Mozambique, 1994 and 1995 Arndt, Channing Cruz, Antonio Jensen, Henning Tarp Robinson, Sherman Tarp, Finn 1998 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Mozambique. Social accounting Mathematical models. Production (Economic theory). This working paper documents the construction of the 1994 and 1995 Mozambican social accounting matrices (SAMs). The aggregate macro-SAM is called MACSAM, and the disaggregated version is MOZAM. With 13 agricultural and two agricultural processing activities, the primary sectors are particularly well represented in MOZAM. There are also 40 commodities, and the three factors of production: agricultural and non-agricultural labour, and capital. Two household types (urban and rural) are identified, and government expenditure is divided into two separate accounts, recurrent government and government investment. MOZAM includes a number of innovative features, partly reflected in household demand, where a distinction is made between home consumption of own production and private consumption of marketedcommodities. Home consumption avoids trade and transport margins. Thus, MOZAM captures prevailing incentives for households to avoid markets and function more as autonomous production/consumption units. The disaggregation of household demand brings marketing margins in focus in relation to decisions regarding production. However, transactions costs are also important for exported and imported commodities. Domestic, export and import marketing margins are therefore explicitly broken out for each activity in MOZAM. Procedures used to balance MACSAM and MOZAM are also documented, including the use of maximum entropy methods to estimate the SAMs, which make efficient use of all available data in a framework that incorporates prior information and constraints. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/tmdp28.pdf 471K oai:ifpri.org:1939 2008-06-02 Rural finance and poverty alleviation Zeller, Manfred Sharma, Manohar 1998 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Poverty. Agricultural credit Developing countries. Rural credit Government policy Developing countries. Rural development Developing countries Finance. Poverty alleviation Developing countries. Informal sector (Economics) Developing countries. Pakistan. Bangladesh. This report presents information on the credit constraints that poor rural households face ... in nine countries of Asia and Africa ( Bangladesh, Cameroon, China, Egypt, Ghana, Madagascar, Malawi, Nepal, and Pakistan). It uses this information to make the case for appropriate public intervention in strengthening rural financial markets and draws conclusions about areas where public resources may best be spent" Preface. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/fpr25.pdf 387K oai:ifpri.org:1940 2008-06-02 Food from peace:breaking the links between conflict and hunger Messer, Ellen Cohen, Marc J. D'Costa, Jashinta 1998 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Social conflict. Hunger. Conflict management. "In this paper, Ellen Messer, Marc J. Cohen, and Jashinta D'Costa show how hunger is often a direct result of violence ... [and] how hunger can reciprocally cause conflict. ... The authors call for including conflict prevention in food security and development efforts, as well as new linkages between food security and development on the one hand, and emergency relief on the other" Foreword. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/dp24.pdf 462K oai:ifpri.org:1988 2008-06-02 Food consumption parameters for Brazil and their application to food policy Gray, Cheryl Williamson 1982 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Nutrition surveys Brazil. Nutrition policy Brazil. Malnutrition Brazil. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/rr32.pdf 6.67M oai:ifpri.org:2016 2008-06-02 Assessment of agricultural research priorities:an international perspective Davis, Jeffrey Oram, Peter A. Ryan, James G. 1987 Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research Agricultural research Mathematical models. Agricultural research. Impact assessment oai:ifpri.org:2028 2008-06-02 Irrigation technology and commercialization of rice in the Gambia:Effects on income and nutrition von Braun, Joachim Puetz, Detlev Webb, Patrick 1989 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Rice trade Gambia. Irrigation Economic aspects Gambia. Agricultural innovations Gambia. Food supply Gambia. Income Gambia. trade GAMBIA http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/rr75.pdf 4.5M oai:ifpri.org:2029 2008-06-02 Food production in a land-surplus, labor-scarce economy:the Zairian Basin Tshibaka, Tshikala B. 1989 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Food production Economic aspects Congo (Democratic Republic) Food production Economic aspects Congo River Watershed. Agricultural laborers Congo (Democratic Republic) Supply and demand. Agricultural laborers Congo River Watershed Supply and demand. oai:ifpri.org:2075 2008-06-02 Water rights and multiple water uses:framework and application to Kirindi Oya irrigation system, Sri Lanka Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela Bakker, Margaretha 2000 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Water rights. Water resources. Water use Sri Lanka Case studies. Irrigation projects Sri Lanka. The growing attention to water rights in recent years reflects the increasing scarcity and competition for this vital resource. Because rights are at the heart of any water allocation system, they are also critical for any reallocation. Not only efficiency, but also fundamental issues of equity are at stake. To understand water rights requires going beyond formal statutory law (which may or may not be followed), to look at the many bases for claiming water. Because of the vital nature of this resource, state law, religious law, customary law and local norms all have something to say in defining water rights. The delineation of water rights is further complicated when we take into consideration multiple uses (irrigation, domestic, fishing, livestock, industries, etc.) as well as multiple users (different villages, groups of farmers in the head and tail, fishermen, cattle owners, etc.) of the resource. These overlapping uses bring in different government agencies, as well as different sets of norms and rules related to water. This paper provides a framework for examining the statutory and customary water rights of multiple users of water and applies it in the Kirindi Oya irrigation system in Sri Lanka, based on a multidisciplinary study conducted in 1997-1998. It demonstrates that the range of stakeholders with an interest in water resources of an irrigation system go far beyond the owners and cultivators of irrigated fields. As such, these groups are not only claimants on the ongoing management of water resource systems, but also need to be included in any considerations of transferring water from irrigation to other uses. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/eptdp59.pdf 228K oai:ifpri.org:2140 2008-06-02 Care and nutrition:concepts and measurement Engle, Patrice L. Menon, Purnima Haddad, Lawrence James 1996 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Child care. Child Feeding. Food availability. Care is the provision in the household and the community of time, attention and support to meet the physical, mental, and social needs of the growing child and other household members (ICN 1992). This provision of time, attention, and support is manifest in certain types of behaviors exhibited by caregivers (typically women) : (1) care for pregnant and lactating women, such as providing appropriate rest time or increased food intake; (2) breast-feeding and feeding of very young children; (3) psychosocial stimulation of children and support for their development; (4) food preparation and food storage behaviors; (5) hygiene behaviors; and (6) care for children during illness, including diagnosis of illness and health-seeking behaviors (Engle 1992). Provision of these behaviors depends on the availability of the resources for care at the household level: education and knowledge, health of the caregiver, time, autonomy, and social support. Although many researchers over the past 30 years have emphasized the importance of behavioral factors for adequate child growth in conditions of poverty and food constraints (Sims, Paolucci, and Morris 1972), the linkages between food availability, caregiving behaviors, and child nutrition are now being recognized at a policy level (ICN 1992). The conceptual model underlying the role of care in child nutrition has been applied more frequently over the past 10 years (UNICEF 1990). This paper will review new conceptual developments and the implications for the measurement and monitoring of care resources and care behaviors. Section 2 reviews the evolution of the original care conceptual model. Sections 3 and 4 review the development of indicators for care resources and care behaviors, respectively. Section 5 concludes with suggestions for further research. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/dp18.pdf 356K oai:ifpri.org:2283 2008-06-02 The impact of changes in common property resource management on intrahousehold allocation Maggs, Philip Hoddinott, John 1997 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Income Developing countries. Property rights Resource management. Natural resource management Gender In developing countries, common property resources (CPRs) can be an important source of income for certain individuals within households. This paper demonstrates that if a change in the management of CPRs imposes costs on these individuals, or causes a decline in the prices or productivities associated with goods produced from the CPRs, the intrahousehold allocation of resources may alter in a manner detrimental to those individuals. The paper also shows that the assumption of a unitary household model causes the detrimental effects of certain CPR policy interventions to be overlooked. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/dp34.pdf 199K oai:ifpri.org:2370 2008-06-02 The impact of trade and exchange rate policies on economic incentives in Bangladesh agriculture Rahman, Sultan Hafeez. 1994 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Agriculture Economic aspects Bangladesh. Agricultural prices Government policy Bangladesh. Foreign exchange administration Bangladesh. oai:ifpri.org:2394 2008-06-02 Agricultural commercialization, economic development, and nutrition von Braun, Joachim, ed. Kennedy, Eileen T., ed. 1994 Published for the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) by Johns Hopkins University Press Produce trade Developing countries Case studies. Food supply Developing countries Case studies. Cash crops Developing countries Case studies. Food crops Developing countries Case studies. Poor Developing countries Nutrition Case studies. Developing countries Economic conditions Case studies. SOUTH ASIA INDIA BANGLADESH CHINA EAST ASIA AFRICA INDONESIA GUATEMALA KENYA RWANDA ZAMBIA MALAWI GAMBIA PHILIPPINES PAPUA NEW GUINEA JOACHIM VON BRAUN / Introduction and Overview. 3; JOACHIM VON BRAUN, HOWARTH BOUIS, AND EILEEN KENNEDY / Conceptual Framework. 11; JOACHIM VON BRAUN / Production, Employment, and Income Effects of Commercialization of Agriculture. 37 ; HOWARTH BOUIS / Consumption Effects of Commercialization of Agriculture. 65; EILEEN KENNEDY / Health and Nutrition Effects of Commercialization of Agriculture. 79; NURUL ISLAM / Commercialization of Agriculture and Food Security: Development Strategy and Trade Policy Issues. 103; TONG ZHONG, SCOTT ROZELLE, BRUCE STONE, JIANG DEHUA, CHEN JIYUAN, AND XUZ HIKANG. / China's Experience with Market Reform for Commercialization of Agriculture in Poor Areas. 119 ; RAISUDDIN AHMED / Investment in Rural Infrastructure: Critical for Commercialization in Bangladesh. 141; JOHN C. ABBOTT/ Agricultural Processing Enterprises: Development Potentials and Links to the Smallholder. 153 ; DAVID GLOVER / Contract Farming and Commercialization of Agriculture in Developing Countries. 166 ; TOSHIHIKO KAWAGOE / Income and Employment Generation from Agricultural Processing and Marketing at the Village Level: A Study in Upland Java, Indonesia. 176 ; JOACHIM VON BRAUN AND MAARTEN D.C. IMMINK / Nontraditional Vegetable Crops and Food Security among Smallholder Farmers in Guatemala. 189 ; HOWARTH BOUIS AND LAWRENCE J. HADDAD / The Nutrition Effects of Sugarcane Cropping in a Southern Philippine Province. 204 ; JOHN R. McCOMB, M. P. FINLAYSON, J. BRIAN HARDAKER, AND PETER F. HEYWOOD / The Effect of a Short-Lived Plantation on Income, Consumption, and Nutrition: An Example from Papua New Guinea. 218 ; HAROLD ALDERMAN / Why Should It Matter What Commodity Is the Source of Agricultural Profits? Dairy Development in India. 239 ; EILEEN KENNEDY / Effects of Sugarcane Production in Southwestern Kenya on Income and Nutrition. 252 ; RUDO NffiMEUER AND JAN HOORWEG / Commercialization of Rice and Nutrition: A Case from West Kenya. 264 ; JORGEN BLANKEN, JOACHIM VON BRAUN, AND HARTWIG DE HAEN / The Triple Role of Potatoes as a Source of Cash, Food, and Employment: Effects on Nutritional Improvement in Rwanda. 276 ; SHUBH K. KUMAR AND CATHERINE SIANDWAZI / Maize in Zambia: Effects of Technological Change on Food Consumption and Nutrition. 295 ; PAULINE E. PETERS AND M. GUILLERMO HERRERA / Tobacco Cultivation, Food Production, and Nutrition among Smallholders in Malawi. 309 ; FRIEDERIKE BELLIN / Smallholder Tree Crops in Sierra Leone: Impacts on Food Consumption and Nutrition. 328 ; JOACHIM VON BRAUN, KEN B. JOHM, AND DETLEV PUETZ / Nutritional Effects of Commercialization of a Woman's Crop: Irrigated Rice in The Gambia. 343 ; JOACHIM VON BRAUN AND EILEEN KENNEDY / Conclusions for Agricultural Commercialization Policy. 365 http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/vonbraun94.pdf 21M oai:ifpri.org:2439 2008-06-02 Child care practices associated with positive and negative nutritional outcomes for children in Bangladesh:a descriptive analysis Kumar, Shubh K. Naved, Ruchira Bhattarai, Saroj 1997 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Health. Child care. Human growth Children. Nutritional status This study attempts to identify characteristics of the existing child and the maternal care environment that could be used as a basis for designing policies and programs to improve the nutritional status of children. For the present study, all children between 6-18 months of age were selected from a nutrition survey of a cross section of 741 households conducted by the IFPRI Bangladesh Food Policy Project in February-March 1992. Information was obtained on feeding practices of infants and mothers, indicators of psychosocial care, and health and hygiene practices. In this study, information on child care practices obtained together with information from the original nutrition survey on maternal and child nutrition, individual food consumption, and household demographic and socioeconomic status was used. Children who exhibited the best growth status, holding age and income level constant, compared to the others in the same environmental setting, are identified as positive deviants. Those with the worst growth are categorized as negative deviants. Children falling in-between positive and negative deviants are labeled as median growers. Even though an increase in income was found to be associated with improving child nutrition, on average, this association was not very evident at the two tails of the nutrition status distribution, with household income of negative deviant children higher than for both the positive deviants and median growth children, implying a limited access or allocation of household income by mothers in these households, and the relevance of non-income factors. A selection of caring practices and indicators were identified for infant feeding, complementary feeding, maternal diet and health, psychosocial care, and health and hygiene practices. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/dp24.pdf 305K oai:ifpri.org:2479 2008-06-02 Gender and life-cycle differentials in the impact of schooling on chronic disease in Jamaica Handa, Sudhanshu 1997 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) oai:ifpri.org:2488 2008-06-02 Gender and life-cycle differentials in the impact of health on employment in Jamaica Handa, Sudhanshu Neitzert, Monica 1997 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) oai:ifpri.org:2502 2008-06-02 Water, health, and income:a review Hoddinott, John 1997 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Water availability Water quality. Public health. Sanitation This paper examines the impact of improved water access on health and incomes in the developing world, drawing on contributions from public health, economics, and anthropology. It argues that the "biological" pathways are reasonably well understood, with the effectiveness of interventions being ordered in the following way: improved household sanitation and hygiene practices; improvements in both quality and quantity of water supplies; increased quantity of water consumed and better water quality. However, the whole is greater than the sum of the parts; knowledge of hygienic practices plus improvements in sanitation plus use of greater quantities of water tend to lead to the largest improvements in health. By contrast, the "economic" pathways are less well understood. The full economic returns to investing in improved water access have not been determined, nor is the distributional impact of water access known, either across or within households. Although it is possible to order these interventions in terms of effectiveness, this ranking omits any consideration of cost. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/dp25.pdf 232K oai:ifpri.org:2504 2008-06-02 The sequencing of agricultural market reforms in Malawi Kherallah, Mylene Kumaresan, Govindan 1997 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Agricultural economics. Food security Malawi. The paper analyzes the welfare impacts of alternative sequencing scenarios of agricultural market reforms in Malawi using a profit maximization approach. The simulation results show that, contrary to the sequencing path adopted in the 1980's, Malawi's Government should have liberalized the maize sector first, followed by the groundnut export sector, and once a supply response was generated, input subsidies could have been phased out, without generating a negative impact on producers' welfare and food security. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/dp13.pdf 242K oai:ifpri.org:2505 2008-06-02 Rural development in Morocco:alternative scenarios to the year 2000 Lofgren, Hans Doukkali, Rachid Serghini, Hassan Robinson, Sherman 1997 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Morocco. Rural development Methodology. Econometric models. In this study, an economywide model focused on Morocco's rural economy is used as a laboratory for analyzing issues at the core of such a rural development strategy.The model is used to explore the effects of alternative scenarios for water tariffs and sales, and supply-side advances (irrigation expansion, and accelerated productivity growth, both in agriculture and other sectors). Among these, instruments of tax policy and irrigation expansion are under the direct control of policymakers whereas other supply-side shifts are less directly influenced by government actions. The results demonstrate that, under realistic assumptions, it is possible to design a policy package and resulting development path that combine rapid and efficient growth in incomes and production throughout the economy with an improved relative position for the rural population. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/tmdp17.pdf 138K oai:ifpri.org:2506 2008-06-02 Child health care demand in a developing country:unconditional estimates from the Philippines Hallman, Kelly 1999 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Rural health. Urban health. Health services. Public health. Gender Health and nutrition This study examines how quality, price, and access to curative health care influence use of modern public, modern private, and traditional providers among 3,000 children age 0-2 years in Cebu, Philippines. The analysis relies on a series of household, community, and health facility surveys conducted in 33 rural and urban communities during 1983-1986. The inclusion of data on potential health care users and available providers makes it possible to investigate the impact of the health care environment on demand. Furthermore, since the study is not limited to only those children whose mothers report them as currently ill, it avoids the possible biases caused by using a sample comprised of those who self-report morbidity. Distance to care is important for reducing demand, unlike user fees that show no significant effects on the use of modern public or private services. The availability of oral rehydration therapy and child vaccines, as well as the proportion of doctors to staff, are important for increasing the use of public care, while supplies of intravenous diarrhea treatments raise the demand for private services. Nonmodern practitioners were used more if they had recently attended an nongovernment- or government-sponsored health training session. Parental human capital and household income increase the utilization of private services. Children who are male and younger than 6 months of age are more likely to be taken to private and traditional providers, the two more expensive types of care. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/dp70.pdf 466K oai:ifpri.org:2512 2008-06-02 Rethinking training in food policy analysis:how relevant is it to policy reforms? Babu, Suresh Chandra 1996 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) This view point aims at providing some pointers for those involved in food and agricultural policy analysis training in order to generate amongst them a dialogue that may result in improved training programs. The relevance of currently offered training courses to economic policy reforms is discussed. The constraints and challenges faced by the organizers of training courses in redesigning training courses to meet the constantly changing policy environment in developing countries are presented. It is argued that there is a need for rethinking methods of training in food and agricultural policy analysis in meeting the changing needs of policy decisionmaking in developing countries. oai:ifpri.org:2594 2008-06-02 Agricultural change and rural poverty:variations on a theme by Dharm Narain Mellor, John W., ed. Desai, Gunvant M., ed. 1985 Published for the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) by Johns Hopkins University Press Agriculture Economic aspects Developing countries Congresses. Agricultural innovations Economic aspects Developing countries Congresses. Rural poor Developing countries Congresses. Farm income Developing countries Congresses. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/Mellor85.pdf 5.8M oai:ifpri.org:2615 2008-06-02 Demand-side constraints and structural adjustment in Sub-Saharan African countries. Koester, Ulrich. Schafer, Hartwig. Valdes, Alberto. 1990. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Structural adjustment (Economic policy) Africa, Sub-Saharan. Agricultural policy Africa, Sub-Saharan. Africa, Sub-Saharan Economic policy. International trade Africa, Sub-Saharan. oai:ifpri.org:2617 2008-06-02 Human capital, productivity, and labor allocation in rural Pakistan Fafchamps, Marcel Quisumbing, Agnes R. 1998 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Female labor Income distribution Labor Gender issues. Labor productivity. Pakistan. Gender Childcare and work This paper investigates whether human capital affects the productivity and labor allocation of rural households in four districts of Pakistan. The investigation shows that households with better-educated males earn higher off-farm income and divert labor resources away from farm activities toward nonfarm work. Education has no significant effect on productivity in crop and livestock production. The effect of human capital on household incomes is partly realized through the reallocation of labor from low-productivity activities to nonfarm work. Female education and nutrition do not affect productivity and labor allocation in any systematic fashion, a finding that is consistent with the marginal role women play in market-oriented activities in Pakistan. As a by-product, our estimation approach also tests the existence of perfect labor and factor markets; the hypothesis that such markets exist is strongly rejected. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/dp48.pdf 354K oai:ifpri.org:2621 2008-06-02 Industrialization, urbanization, and land use in China Zhang, Xiaobo Mount, Timothy D. Boisvert, Richard N. 2000 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Industrialization. Land use. Urbanization. China. Rapid industrial development and urbanization transfer more and more land away from agricultural production, threatening China's capability to feed itself. This paper analyzes the determinants of land use by modeling arable land and sown area separately. An inverse U-shaped relationship between land use intensity and industrialization is explored both theoretically and empirically. The findings highlight the conflict between the two policy goals of industrialization and grain self-sufficiency in the end. Several policy recommendations are offered to reconcile the conflict. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/eptdp58.pdf 217K oai:ifpri.org:2645 2008-06-02 Accelerating food production in Sub-Saharan Africa Mellor, John W., ed. Delgado, Christopher L., ed. Blackie, Malcom J., ed. 1987 Baltimore : Published for the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) [by] Johns Hopkins University Press, c1987. Food production Africa, Sub-Saharan Congresses. Agricultural policy Africa, Sub-Saharan Congresses. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/Mellor87.pdf 13.09M oai:ifpri.org:2683 2008-06-02 Meeting food needs in the developing world:the location and magnitude of the task in the next decade IFPRI International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) 1976 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Food supply Developing countries. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/rr01.pdf 3.1MB oai:ifpri.org:2687 2008-06-02 Consequences of deforestation for women's time allocation, agricultural production, and nutrition in hill areas of Nepal Kumar, Shubh K. Hotchkiss, David 1988 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Women agricultural laborers Nepal. Agricultural productivity Nepal. Deforestation Economic aspects Nepal. Women agricultural laborers Time management Nepal. Women fuelwood gatherers Time management Nepal. Food supply Nepal. Natural resource management Gender Health and nutrition http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/rr69.pdf 2.7M oai:ifpri.org:2689 2008-06-02 Status and performance of irrigation in Indonesia and the prospects to 1900 and 2000 Nyberg, Albert J. Prabowo, Dibyo 1982 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Irrigation Indonesia. Rice Indonesia. oai:ifpri.org:2690 2008-06-02 An analysis of working stock requirements for Indonesian rice. Rachman, Anas. Prasta, Yogana. Sakrani. 1985 [Washington, D.C.] : International Food Policy Research Institute ( IFPRI), 1985. Rice trade Indonesia. Rice Prices Indonesia. Rice Economic aspects Indonesia. oai:ifpri.org:2691 2008-06-02 Staple food consumption in the Philippines Bennagen, M. Eugenia C. 1982 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Food consumption Philippines. Rice Philippines. oai:ifpri.org:2703 2008-06-02 Agricultural price policy for developing countries Mellor, John W., ed. Ahmed, Raisuddin, ed. 1988 Published for the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) [by] Johns Hopkins University Press Food prices Government policy Developing countries. Agricultural prices Government policy Developing countries. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/Mellor88.pdf 10.31M oai:ifpri.org:2745 2008-06-02 A proposal for measuring the benefits of policy-oriented social science research Park, Donghyun 1998 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Social sciences Methodology. Economic development Models. Research projects Impact assessment This paper addresses the problem of how to measure the benefits of policy-oriented social science research. It argues that social science research promotes economic efficiency in three different waysit fosters efficiency in the public sector both directly and through effects on the general public, and it increases the efficiency of the private sector. The paper also proposes a practical empirical methodology for measuring the benefits of policy-oriented social science research. The proposed methodology includes a three-stage analysis of a cross-section of countries. The relationship between research and policy is estimated first. Then an estimate is made of the relationship between policy and economic growth. Finally, these estimates are used to deduce the relationship between research and economic growth. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/iadp03.pdf 105K oai:ifpri.org:2748 2008-06-02 Crop insurance for agricultural development:issues and experience Hazell, P. B. R. Pomareda, Carlos Valdes, Alberto 1986 Published for the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) by Johns Hopkins University Press Insurance, Agricultural Crops. Agricultural policy. Agricultural credit. oai:ifpri.org:2753 2008-06-02 Early childhood nutrition and academic achievement:a longitudinal analysis Glewwe, Paul Jocoby, Hanan King, Elizabeth 1999 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Human Nutrition. Malnutrition in children. Education, Primary Philippines. Philippines. Early childhood nutrition is thought to be an important input into subsequent academic achievement. This paper investigates the nutrition-learning nexus using a unique longitudinal data set, which follows a large sample of Philippine children from birth until the end of their primary education. We find that malnourished children perform more poorly in school, even after correcting for the effects of unobserved heterogeneity both across and within households. Part of the advantage that well-nourished children enjoy arises from the fact that they enter school earlier and thus have more time to learn. The rest of their advantage appears to stem from greater learning productivity per year of schooling rather than from greater learning effort in the form of homework time, school attendance, and so forth. Despite these findings, our analysis suggests that the relationship between nutrition and learning is not likely to be of overriding importance either for nutrition policy or in accounting for economic growth. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/dp68.pdf 194K oai:ifpri.org:2762 2008-06-02 An economic analysis of the effects of production : risk on the use and management of common-pool rangelands. McCarthy, Nancy. 1998. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia : International Livestock Research Institute ( ILRI) ; Washington, D.C. : International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), [1998] Range management Africa, Sub-Saharan. Communal rangelands Africa, Sub-Saharan. Livestock Economic aspects Africa, Sub-Saharan. Natural resources, Communal Management Econometric models. oai:ifpri.org:2766 2008-06-02 Dynamics in the creation and depreciation of knowledge, and the returns to research Alston, Julian M. Craig, Barbara J. Pardey, Philip G. 1998 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Econometric models. Investment of public funds India Econometric studies of the effects of research on productivity have typically imposed arbitrary restrictions on the length and shape of the R&D lag profile. These restrictions are likely to have biased up both the measured effects of R&D on productivity and the estimated rates of return to research. This paper argues that the useful stock of public knowledge depreciates, if at all, only gradually, and we use this notion to develop a new model, which we test using data on aggregate U.S. agriculture. We reject the conventional specification in favor of a more flexible, dynamic, alternative model, in which the impact of R&D on productivity lasts much longer than in previous studies. Consequently, the real, marginal rate of return to public agricultural R&D in the United States is estimated to be less than 10 percent per annum, much smaller than the typical rates of return reported in scores of previous studies, based on conceptually flawed and inappropriately restrictive dynamic specifications. We show that conventional approaches using the same data would have resulted in a much greater (biased) estimate of the rate of return to research. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/eptdp35.pdf 667K oai:ifpri.org:2771 2008-06-02 Marketing margins and agricultural technology in Mozambique Arndt, Channing Jensen, Henning Tarp Robinson, Sherman Tarp, Finn 1999 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Rice Prices Models. Agricultural development. Marketing. Technology. Mozambique. Computable general equilibrium (CGE). Improvements in agricultural productivity and reductions in marketing costs in Mozambique are analysed using a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. The model incorporates detailed marketing margins and separates household demand for marketed and home-produced goods. Simulations improving agricultural technology and lowering marketing margins yield gains across the economy, but with differential impacts on factor returns. A combined scenario reveals significant synergy effects, as welfare gains exceed the sum of gains from the individual scenarios. Factor returns increase in roughly equal proportions, an attractive feature when assessing the political feasibility of policy initiatives. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/tmdp43.pdf 215K oai:ifpri.org:2775 2008-06-02 Biotechnology for developing-country agriculture:problems and opportunities Persley, Gabrielle J. (Gabrielle Josephine), ed. 1999 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Biotechnology Developing countries. Agricultural biotechnology Developing countries. Contents: Brief 1. Overview / Gabrielle J. Persley and John J. Doyle Brief 2. Biotechnology and food and nutrition needs / Richard Flavell Brief 3. Biotechnology and animal vaccines / W. Ivan Morrison Brief 4. The role of the private sector / Clive James and Anatole Krattiger Brief 5. Disentangling risk issues / Klaus M. Leisinger Brief 6. Safe use of biotechnology / Calestous Juma and Aarti Gupta Brief 7. Intellectual property protection / John H. Barton Brief 8. Research policy and management issues / Joel I. Cohen, Cesar Falconi, and John Komen Brief 9. Developing appropriate policies / Per Pinstrup-Andersen [IFPRI staff] Brief 10. Letter to a minister / Gabrielle J. Persley. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/focus02.pdf 1.61M oai:ifpri.org:2858 2008-06-02 Feeding the world, preventing poverty, and protecting the earth:a 2020 vision 1996 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Food supply. Food security. Poverty. Sustainable agriculture. Environmental protection. " A 2020 booklet" oai:ifpri.org:2870 2008-06-02 Globalization, trade reform, and the developing countries:essay in IFPRI Annual Report Diaz-Bonilla, Eugenio, ed. Robinson, Sherman, ed. 1999 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) International economic relations. Trade policy Developing countries Reform. Globalization Development policies. This essay focuses on trends reflecting the globalization of the international economy and on changes in agricultural markets. In this context it assesses how these factors are affecting developing countries and how, in turn, those countries could affect the Millenium Round of agricultural trade agreements, http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/20-29e2.pdf 1.36M oai:ifpri.org:2877 2008-06-02 Proceedings of the IFPRI/FAO Workshop on Plant Nutrient Management, Food Security, and Sustainable Agriculture: The Future Through 2020, Viterbo, Italy, May 16-17, 1995. Gruhn, Peter, ed. Goletti, Francesco, ed. Roy, Rabindra N., ed. 1998 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Plant nutrients Congresses. Food security Congresses. Sustainable agriculture Congresses. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/viterbo.pdf 1.24M oai:ifpri.org:2879 2008-06-02 A brief for fisheries policy research in developing countries Ahmed, Mahfuzuddin Delgado, Christopher L. Sverdrup-Jensen, Sten 1997 Manila, Philippines : International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM) ; Washington, D.C. : International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) ; Hirtshals, Denmark : Institute of Fisheries Management and Coastal Community Development, North Sea Centre, 1997. Fisheries Developing countries Congresses. Fishery policy Developing countries Congresses. This brief explains the rationale behind and significance of carrying out fisheries research in developing countries. It suggests methods for setting policy priorities, reviews research issues, and recommends topics for policy research. oai:ifpri.org:2880 2008-06-02 Impact on food security and rural development of reallocating water from agriculture Rosegrant, Mark W. Ringler, Claudia 1999 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Agricultural resources. Resource allocation. Water resources Water use Management. The competition for limited water resources between agriculture and more highly valued domestic and industrial water uses is rapidly increasing and will likely require the transfer of water out of agriculture. This paper reviews and synthesizes the available evidence of the effects of water transfers from agricultural to urban and industrial areas on local and regional rural economies; and analyzes the potential impacts of a large reallocation on global food supply and demand. It concludes with a discussion on the potential for water policy reform and demand management to minimize adverse impacts when water is reallocated from agriculture. It is argued that comprehensive reforms are required to mitigate the potentially adverse impacts of water transfers for local communities and to sustain crop yield and output growth to meet rising food demands at the global level. Key policy reforms include the establishment of secure water rights to users; the decentralization and privatization of water management functions to appropriate levels; the use of incentives including pricing reform, especially in urban contexts, and markets in tradable property rights; and the introduction of appropriate water-saving technologies. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/eptdp47.pdf 155K oai:ifpri.org:2913 2008-06-02 Status and performance of irrigation in Thailand Dow Mongkolsmai 1983 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) oai:ifpri.org:2971 2008-06-02 An application of Raven's coloured progressive matrices as a measure of latent ability in children under the age of 11 years in selected rural areas of Pakistan. Malik, Sohail Farooqi, Ghazala N. 1994 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Pakistan. oai:ifpri.org:2989 2008-06-02 Market access by smallholder farmers in Malawi:implications for technology adoption, agricultural productivity, and crop income Zeller, Manfred Diagne, Aliou Mataya, Charles 1997 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Employment, Non-agricultural. Malawi. Tobacco Prices. Food security. Maize. In Malawi, maize is the major crop and food staple. Given limited off-farm employment opportunities, much-needed increases in household income for improving food security must come from gains in agricultural productivity through better technology and more profitable crops. In the past, agricultural policy promoted hybrid maize and, more recently, tobacco to increase smallholder income. This paper presents an analysis of what determines the adoption of these two crops and what kind of income effects follow from adoption. Apart from factor endowment and exposure to agroecological risks, differences in the household's access to financial and commodity markets significantly influence its cropping shares and farm income. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/dp35.pdf 155K oai:ifpri.org:3010 2008-06-02 Supply response under market liberalization:a case study of Malawian agriculture Govindan, Kumaresan Babu, Suresh Chandra 1996 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) oai:ifpri.org:3036 2008-06-02 Educating agricultural researchers:a review of the role of African universities Beintema, Nienke M. Pardey, Philip G. Roseboom, Johannes 1998 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Africa. Education, Higher. Agricultural research. Training The number of higher-education institutions and the students enrolled in them has grown rapidly throughout Africa since the early 1960s. The number of universities increased from less than 20 in 1960 to nearly 160 by 1996; student numbers grew from 119,000 to almost two million over the same period, yet enrollment ratios in Africa continue to lag well behind developed and other-developing country norms. Funding for higher-education in Africa kept pace with the expanding institutional base during the 1960s and 1970s, but has fallen well behind the growth in student numbers since 1980. The pattern of the development of the agricultural sciences has matched the general pattern of development of the higher-education sector. Three quarters of the countries in Africa currently offer some tertiary training in the agricultural sciences. Only one half of the African faculties of agricultural sciences offer postgraduate degrees, and most of these programs were established in the past decade. Nonetheless, much of the rapid growth in the number of national scientists working in national agricultural research institutes continues to rely on scientists trained to the postgraduate (and also BSc) level outside the region. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/eptdp36.pdf 256K oai:ifpri.org:3098 2008-06-02 The changing public role in a rice economy approaching self-sufficiency:the case of Bangladesh Goletti, Francesco 1994 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Rice trade Bangladesh. Rice trade Government policy Bangladesh. Agricultural policy Bangladesh. Bangladesh, which has been a country of chronic food deficits, now appears to be nearing self-sufficiency in rice. Production of rice, the major food staple of the country, grew at a rate of 2.7 percent in the 1980s, while population grew at a rate of 2.0 percent. The gap between production and the foodgrain requirements of the population is clearly narrowing, although the need to import wheat will continue for the rest of this decade. The sustained and increasingly stable growth of rice production during the 1970s and 1980s is closely related to the introduction of high-yielding varieties, mainly the winter boro rice crop, which rose from 21 percent of total rice production in 1972/73 to 35 percent in 1989/90. The two main rice crops, aman and boro, tend to have contrary patterns of production increase and decrease within a given year. Now that boro rice has a larger share in total production, this intrayear compensation affords a more regular flow of production and a changed pattern of seasonality characterized by smoother price fluctuations. oai:ifpri.org:3101 2008-06-02 Alleviating poverty, intensifying agriculture, and effectively managing natural resources. Pinstrup-Andersen, Per Pandya-Lorch, Rajul 1994 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Poverty alleviation. Agricultural development. Natural resources Management. This discussion paper is the first in a series of papers prepared as part of IFPRI's 2020 Vision initiative, which seeks to develop an international consensus on how to meet future world food needs while reducing poverty and protecting the environment. It shows that poverty and environmental degradation in the developing world are inextricably linked with inadequate agricultural intensification. Increased investment in agriculture and poverty alleviation are essential for preventing further resource degradation and for meeting future food needs in a sustainable manner. oai:ifpri.org:3107 2008-06-02 Production incentives in Philippine agriculture:effects of trade and exchange rate policies Bautista, Romeo M. 1987 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Agricultural productivity Philippines. Produce trade Government policy Philippines. Agricultural prices Government policy Philippines. Philippines Commercial policy. oai:ifpri.org:3135 2008-06-02 Commercialization of subsistence agriculture:Income and nutritional effects in developing countries von Braun, Joachim Kennedy, Eileen T. 1986 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Agriculture Economic aspects Developing countries. Farm income Developing countries. Diet Developing countries. oai:ifpri.org:3188 2008-06-02 International agricultural research and human nutrition Pinstrup-Andersen, Per, ed. Berg, Alan, ed. Forman, Martin J., ed. 1984 Washington, D.C. : International Food Policy Research Institute ( IFPRI) ; Rome : UN Administrative Committee on Co-ordination, Sub- Committee on Nutrition, 1984. Agricultural research Congresses. Nutrition Congresses. Agricultural research International cooperation Congresses. Nutrition Research International cooperation Congresses. Food supply Congresses. oai:ifpri.org:3247 2008-06-02 World food trends and future food security:meeting tomorrow's food needs without exploiting the environment Pinstrup-Andersen, Per 1994 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Food supply Forecasting In World Food Trends and Future Food Security, an IFPRI Food Policy Report, Director General Per Pinstrup-Andersen looks at recent world food trends and asks if the positive production trends of the past 30 years are likely to continue. Or, as 100 million new people are added to the world's population each year, will Malthus' prediction of increasing food scarcity come true? Will food scarcity, hunger, and disease related to malnutrition become even more widespread in the next 20-30 years? oai:ifpri.org:3299 2008-06-02 A profile of poverty in Egypt:1997 Datt, Gaurav Jolliffe, Dean Sharma, Manohar 1998 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Food consumption. Poverty Egypt. This paper presents a profile of poverty in Egypt for 1997. It assesses the magnitude of poverty and its distribution across geographic and socioeconomic groups, provides information on the characteristics of the poor, illustrates the heterogeneity among the poor, and helps identify empirical correlates of poverty. The poverty profile is constructed using data from the recently completed Egypt Integrated Household Survey, a nationwide, multiple-topic household survey, carried out by the International Food Policy Research Institute in coordination with the Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation and the Ministry of Trade and Supply. Reference poverty lines that take into account regional differences in food and nonfood prices, age and composition of poor households, and food and nonfood consumption preferences are used to determine incidence, depth, and severity of poverty. The characteristics of the poor are analyzed. These characteristics include household composition, dwelling type, educational attainment and access, labor force participation and distribution, child immunization levels, payment transfers, agricultural landholdings, and access to community facilities. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/dp49.pdf 397K oai:ifpri.org:3317 2008-06-02 Policy for plenty:measuring the benefits of policy-oriented social science research Norton, George W. Alwang, Jeffrey 1998 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Pesticides. Indonesia. Deforestation Brazil. Development projects. Impact assessment This paper suggests practical methods for assessing policy research programs, both ex post and ex ante. Measuring the benefits of policy research is difficult: the path of causation between research and policy change is nearly always uncertain; multiple factors influence any particular policy change; policies are diverse in nature as are their intended and actual effects; and some effects of policy research are not priced in the market. Many of the benefits of changes in policy stem from the reduced cost of welfare-improving institutional change. Economic surplus analysis can be used to assess such changes. In some cases, Bayesian decision theory may be helpful in evaluating policy research, although it is usually difficult to obtain estimates of the probability distributions a decisionmaker has before the research becomes available. Subjective estimates of parameters and some measure of their degree of uncertainty, are likely to be needed for an economic surplus model. The paper suggests a set of steps for policy research evaluation. It is applied to two cases: an evaluation of pesticide policy research in Brazil, and an evaluation of policies affecting deforestation in Indonesia. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/iadp06.pdf 139K oai:ifpri.org:3376 2008-06-02 Agriculture and macro-economic reforms in Zimbabwe:a political-economy perspective Muir-Leresche, Kay 1998 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Agriculture Economic aspects Macroeconomics. Zimbabwe Economic policy. Events in Zimbabwe during seven years from the start of economic reforms in 1991 have highlighted the contradictions in the ideologies underlying economic development and institutional reform in the country. They have also highlighted the futility of undertaking partial reforms. Zimbabwe embarked on liberalization of its foreign exchange, banking, marketing and pricing policies in the early 1990s. However, the fiscal deficits continued to increase, and key resource allocation systems remained centrally controlled. The gains from liberalization have been disappointing. The benefits were undermined by high inflation and interest rates caused by excessive government borrowing. High interest rates, together with the rigidities that prevent resources from moving efficiently, make investor response to the liberalized markets very difficult and haphazard. The uncertainty created by conflicting messages portrayed in the rhetoric and actions of the government further reduce investor confidence. This paper traces some of the emerging political and institutional forces that have influenced economic policy and considers the success, constraints and potential for agriculture in Zimbabwe. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/tmdp29.pdf 1.36M oai:ifpri.org:3380 2008-06-02 International Conference on Strategies for Poverty Alleviation and Sustainable Resource Management in the Fragile Lands of Sub-Saharan Africa Knox, Anna Babu, Suresh Chandra Ngaido, Tidiane 1998. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/eptws07.pdf 275K oai:ifpri.org:3403 2008-06-02 "Bargaining" and gender relations:within and beyond the household Agarwal, Bina 1997 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Gender issues. Households. Gender Household resource allocation Most discussions on bargaining also say little about gender relations beyond the household, and about the links between extrahousehold and intrahousehold bargaining power. This paper spells out the nature of these complexities and their importance in determining the outcomes of intrahousehold dynamics. It also extends the bargaining approach beyond the household to the interlinked arenas of the market, the community, and the State. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/dp27.pdf 304K oai:ifpri.org:3410 2008-06-02 A 1992 social accounting matrix (SAM) for Tanzania Wobst, Peter 1998 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Tanzania Social accounting Mathematical models. Macroeconomics Mathematical models. As part of the Tanzania country study being done under the IFPRI research project on Macroeconomic Reform and Regional Integration in Southern Africa (MERRISA), a social accounting matrix (SAM) has been constructed for the base year 1992. A SAM is a square matrix consisting of row and column accounts that represent the different sectors, agents, and institutions of an economy at the desired level of disaggregation. The SAM, a useful framework for consistent multi-sectoral economic data preparation, represents the expenditure-receipt flows among all actors and sectors of the entire economy, capturing both input-output and national income and product data. Because the analytical focus of the MERRISA project is agriculture and because agricultural production in Tanzania accounts for about half of GDP, the disaggregated Tanzania SAM contains 21 agricultural sectors out of 56 sectors in total. The Tanzania SAM consists of 56 activity accounts capturing the flows belonging to the domestic production process and 55 commodity accounts capturing the flows belonging to the marketing process of nationally and internationally produced goods. The factor disaggregation of productive factors consists of Capital, Land and 5 labor categories, while households are divided into Rural Farmers, Rural Non-Farmers, Urban Farmers, and Urban Non-Farmers. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/tmdp30.pdf 291K oai:ifpri.org:3456 2008-06-02 Use of information and the policy process:towards an impact assessment of IFPRI's research activities Garrett, James L. Islam, Yassir 1997 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Policies Research International Food Policy Research Institute Impact assessment oai:ifpri.org:3459 2008-06-02 Agricultural growth linkages in Zimbabwe:income and equity effects Bautista, Romeo M. Thomas, Marcelle. 1998 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Income Rural areas Africa. Agricultural development Africa. Agricultural policy Economic aspects. Households Zimbabwe. Social accounting. The comparative effects on GDP and household incomes associated with various pathways of agricultural growth in Zimbabwe are investigated, based on SAM (social accounting matrix) multiplier analysis. Among the five growth paths considered, the "smallholder road to agricultural development" yields the largest increase in national income. It benefits smallholder households the most, but the income gains to the two other low-income household groups are lower compared to those arising from the four other agricultural growth paths. Foodcrop production, in which smallholders have a dominant share, shows a larger GDP multiplier than both the traditional (tobacco and cotton) and nontraditional (horticulture)export crop sectors, which are dominated by large-scale commercial farms. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/tmdp31.pdf 170K oai:ifpri.org:3465 2008-06-02 Does trade liberalization enhance income growth and equity in Zimbabwe?:the role of complimentary policies Bautista, Romeo M. Lofgren, Hans Thomas, Marcelle 1998 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Trade liberalization Econometric models. Zimbabwe Economic policy. Income distribution Zimbabwe. Fiscal policies Using an agriculture-focused CGE model for Zimbabwe with 1991 as base period, this paper examines quantitatively the income and equity effects of trade liberalization in isolation and in conjunction with potentially complementary changes in fiscal and land policies. Trade policy reform alone (dismantling of import and foreign exchange controls, and reduction of import taxes to a low uniform rate) is shown to increase aggregate disposable household income significantly. However, the least income gain accrues to smallholder farm households, which account for about four-fifths of the poor in Zimbabwe, so the equity impact is unfavorable. Concurrent implementation with specific changes in government expenditure and tax policies and two alternative stylized land redistribution schemes yields differing outcomes in terms of aggregate household income growth and its distribution. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/tmdp32.pdf 253K oai:ifpri.org:3496 2008-06-02 Son preference and interspousal communication in desired fertility in Pakistan Khan, M. Ali Malik, Sohail 1994 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Pakistan. oai:ifpri.org:3539 2008-06-02 Why have some Indian states performed better than others at reducing rural poverty? Datt, Gaurav Ravallion, Martin 1997 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Poverty, Rural India. Poverty alleviation Rural poverty rankings of Indian states in 1990 were very different from 1960. This unevenness in progress allows us to study the causes of poverty in a developing rural economy. We model the evolution of various poverty measures, using pooled state-level data for the period 1957-91. Differences in trend rates of poverty reduction are attributed to differing growth rates of farm yield per acre, and differing initial conditions; states starting with better infrastructure and human resources saw significantly higher long-term rates of poverty reduction. Deviations from the trend are attributed to inflation (which hurt the poor in the short term) and shocks to farm and nonfarm output. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/dp26.pdf 286K oai:ifpri.org:3541 2008-06-02 Intrahousehold resource allocation in developing countries:models, methods, and policy Haddad, Lawrence James, ed. Hoddinott, John, ed. Alderman, Harold, ed. 1997 Published for the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) by Johns Hopkins University Press Households Developing countries Econometric models. Households Economic aspects Developing countries. Consumption (Economics) Developing countries Mathematical models. Natural resource management Gender Household resource allocation Health and nutrition In this book economists, demographers, sociologists, and anthropologists collaborate in the study of how resources are allocated within households in developing countries and why it matters from a policy perspective. Surveying a broad body of theory and evidence, the contributors examine the many social and cultural factors that influence decisions at the family and household level about the allocation of time, income, assets, and other resources. Shedding new light on a process that is often hidden from view and difficult to measure, they show that a more complete understanding of intrahousehold behavior can increase the likelihood that policies will reach the people they are intended to affect leading to better policies in areas such as food production and consumption, nutrition, natural resource management, and fertility. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/intrahhres.pdf 17.6M oai:ifpri.org:3559 2008-06-02 Famine in Ethiopia:policy implications of coping failure at national and household levels Webb, Patrick von Braun, Joachim Yohannes, Yisehac 1992 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Famines Ethiopia. Droughts Government policy Ethiopia. Food supply Ethiopia. ETHIOPIA EAST AFRICA http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/rr92.pdf 6.7M oai:ifpri.org:3569 2008-06-02 Generating disaggregated poverty maps:an application to Viet Nam Minot, Nicholas 1998 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Poverty. Infrastructure (Economics) Viet Nam. Social service Viet Nam. Vietnam Geographic targeting is often recommended as a way to improve the impact of social spending and infrastructure investments on rural poverty. Previous research shows that such targeting is not very accurate unless the geographic units are small. Household surveys, however, rarely allow the estimation of poverty rates for more than 5-10 regions in a country. This study develops a method for generating disaggregated poverty maps and applies the method to Viet Nam. First, the relationship between rural poverty and 25 household indicators is estimated using household survey data. Then, census data on those same indicators are used to estimate the poverty rates for each of the 543 rural districts in Viet Nam. The results indicate that poverty is concentrated in the north and in districts furthest from the coast and cities. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/dp25.pdf 1.1M oai:ifpri.org:3584 2008-06-02 Whose education matters in the determination of household income:evidence from a developing country Jolliffe, Dean 1997 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Education. Income. This paper aims to answer how best to model education attainment, which is an individual-level variable, in household-level income functions. The accepted practice in the literature is to use the education level of the household head. This paper compares the head-of-household model to three competing models and concludes that the maximum or average level of education in the household is a better explanatory variable of household income. Least absolute deviations (LAD) estimators and censored least absolute deviations (CLAD) estimators are used to predict income. Standard errors, which are robust to violations of homoscedasticity and independence, are generated by a boot-strap method that replicates the two-stage sample design. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/dp39.pdf 253K oai:ifpri.org:3632 2008-06-02 Intrahousehold allocation and gender relations:new empirical evidence from four developing countries Quisumbing, Agnes R. Maluccio, John A. 2000 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Household resource allocation Gender Income. South Africa. Indonesia. Ethiopia. Bangladesh. The paper reviews recent theory and empirical evidence testing unitary versus collective models of the household. In contrast to the unitary model, the collective model posits that individuals within households have different preferences and do not pool their income. Moreover, the collective model predicts that intrahousehold allocations reflect differences in preferences and "bargaining power" of individuals within the household. Using new household data sets from Bangladesh, Indonesia, Ethiopia, and South Africa, we present measures of individual characteristics that are highly correlated with bargaining power, namely human capital and in ividually-controlled assets, evaluated at the time of marriage. In all country case studies we reject the unitary model as a description of household behavior, but to different degrees. Results suggest that assets controlled by women have a positive and significant effect on expenditure allocations toward the next generation, such as education and children's clothing. We also examine individual-level education outcomes and find that parents do not have identical preferences toward sons and daughters within or across countries. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/fcndp84.pdf 320K oai:ifpri.org:3652 2008-06-02 The effects of sugarcane production on food security, health, and nutrition in Kenya:a longitudinal analysis Kennedy, Eileen T. 1989 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Sugarcane industry Kenya South Nyanza District. Agriculture Economic aspects Kenya South Nyanza District. Food security Kenya South Nyanza District. Cost and standard of living Kenya South Nyanza District. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/rr78.pdf 3.8M oai:ifpri.org:3653 2008-06-02 Effects of agricultural commercialization on land tenure, household resource allocation, and nutrition in the Philippines Bouis, Howarth E. Haddad, Lawrence James 1990 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Agriculture Economic aspects Philippines. Produce trade Philippines. Land tenure Philippines. Households Philippines. Nutrition Philippines. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/rr79.pdf 4.6M oai:ifpri.org:3672 2008-06-02 Fostering global well-being:a new paradigm to revitalize agricultural and rural development Bathrick, David D. 1998 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Agricultural development Rural areas Developing countries. Economic development Developing countries. In this paper, David Bathrick describes the almost revolutionary changes that have taken place in the economic arena in recent years. This is a story of paradigm shift, where government-led economic growth through the 1970s gave way to the increasingly market-led growth we see now. The emergence of the market in the context of globalization has meant the reduction of biases against agriculture; an emphasis on flexible responses in the production of goods and services; strengthened links between local, national, and international economies; greater integration of different sectors of the economy; and increased importance of the private sector. Bathrick argues that this demand- driven setting is forcing developing countries to assess their comparative advantages in the global marketplace and make fundamental strategic, institutional, and programmatic shifts. The resulting opportunities for growth are considerable, but so is the effort and financial support required to acquire the skills, experiences, and infrastructure necessary to adjust to the new realities. Knowledge of consumer needs, up-to-date market intelligence, and other informational and material resources that facilitate the market system need to be identified and put in place. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/dp26.pdf 274K oai:ifpri.org:3741 2008-06-02 A 2020 vision for food, agriculture, and environment:the vision, challenge, and recommended action 1995 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Agricultural policy Forecasting. Food supply Forecasting. Malnutrition Forecasting. Agriculture Environmental aspects Forecasting. Twenty-first century Forecasts. "This document builds on past IFPRI research and on analyses and syntheses undertaken as part of the initiative on A 2020 Vision for Food, Agriculture, and the Environment. It is an outcome of extensive discussions within IFPRI and ... a large number of people in government and NGOs, international assistance agencies, academic institutions, national and international agricultural research centers, and the international advisory committee" P. vi. oai:ifpri.org:3828 2008-06-02 Price competitiveness and variability in Egyptian cotton:effects of sectoral and economywide policies Bautista, Romeo M. Gehlhar, Clemen G. 1995 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Cotton production Egypt. Price regulation. This paper examines the role of price incentives in the observed decline in cotton production during the 1980s and in the apparent improvement in recent years. The following determinants (in an accounting sense) of the changes in the relative producer price of cotton during 1980-92 are quantified: (1) changes in the foreign price; (2) changes in the real exchange rate; and (3) changes in nominal protection and the marketing margin. An estimated model of the real exchange rate for Egypt is used to provide a further decomposition of the changes in the relative cotton price that isolates the effect of policy-related factors. The comparative effects of sectoral and economywide policies are analyzed based on three alternative policy regimes in terms of the average price and variability of annual price levels over the period 1971-1992. Government interventions are found to reduce both the long-run price incentive and short-run price variability in Egyptian cotton. Various approaches in dealing with commodity pice instability in the context of a more open trade regime are indicated. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/tmdp02.pdf 1.89M oai:ifpri.org:3857 2008-06-02 The political economy of urban food security in Sub-Saharan Africa Maxwell, Daniel G. 1998 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) food security Nutrition programs Urban poor Livelihoods UGANDA GHANA AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA Sub-Saharan African cities in the late 1990s face a daunting set of problems including rapid growth, increasing poverty, deteriorating infrastructure, and inadequate capacity for service provision. However, even as a renewed debate is shaping up around issues of urban development, there is little attention given to the question of urban food security and nutrition. Whereas in the 1970s and 1980s, urban food problems in Africa commanded political attention, the nature of urban food insecurity in the 1990s is such that it has tended to lose political importance. This is largely because in the 1970s, the problem was one of outright food shortages and rapid price changes that affected large portions of the urban population simultaneously. The impact of structural adjustment, continued rapid growth, and an increase in urban poverty make food insecurity in the 1990s primarily a problem of access by the urban poor. Under circumstances where the urban poor spend a very large portion of their total income on food, urban poverty rapidly translates food insecurity. The lack of formal safety nets, and the shifting of responsibility for coping with food insecurity away from the state towards the individual and household level has tended to atomize and muffle any political response to this new urban food insecurity. This paper briefly reviews urban food insecurity and generates a set of empirical questions for an analysis of food and livelihood security in contemporary urban Sub-Saharan Africa, and then examines historical and contemporary evidence from Kampala, Uganda, and Accra, Ghana, to suggest some tentative conclusions. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/dp41.pdf oai:ifpri.org:3966 2008-06-02 Are urban poverty and undernutrition growing?:newly assembled evidence Haddad, Lawrence James Ruel, Marie T. Garrett, James L. 1999 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Poverty Urban poor. Nutrition programs. Nutrition surveys. Livelihoods Urban-rural differences The population of the developing world is becoming more urban. Are poverty and undernutrition beginning to relocate to urban areas as well? We use survey data on poverty (from 8 countries) and on child undernutrition (from 14 countries) to address this question. Using data from the past 15-20 years, we find that in a majority of countries the absolute number of poor and undernourished individuals living in urban areas has increased, as has the share of poverty and undernourishment coming from urban areas. Given these trends and the current stock of knowledge as to the levels, determinants, and solutions to urban poverty and undernutrition, we argue for more research on these issues. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/dp63.pdf 158K oai:ifpri.org:3970 2008-06-02 The GATT, agriculture, and the developing countries. Islam, Nurul, ed. Valdes, Alberto, ed. 1990. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (Organization) Agricultural policy Developing countries. Agriculture Economic aspects Developing countries. Free trade Developing countries. Tariff Developing countries. oai:ifpri.org:3972 2008-06-02 Technology policy for sustainable agricultural growth 1990 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Sustainable agriculture Congresses. Technological innovations Congresses. Agricultural productivity Congresses. Agricultural policy Congresses. oai:ifpri.org:3981 2008-06-02 Spatial aspects of the design and targeting of agricultural development strategies Wood, Stanley Sebastian, Kate Nachtergaele, Freddy Nielsen, Daniel Dai, Aiguo 1999 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Spatial analysis (Statistics) Agricultural development. Burkina Faso. Africa, Sub-Saharan. Two increasingly shared perspectives within the international development community are that (a) geography matters, and (b) many government interventions would be more successful if they were better targeted. This paper unites these two notions by exploring the opportunities for, and benefits of, bringing an explicitly spatial dimension to the tasks of formulating and evaluating agricultural development strategies. We first review the lingua franca of land fragility and find it lacking in its capacity to describe the dynamic interface between the biophysical and socioeconomic factors that help shape rural development options. Subsequently, we propose a two-phased approach. First, development strategy options are characterized to identify the desirable ranges of conditions that would most favor successful strategy implementation. Second, those conditions exhibiting important spatial dependency such as agricultural potential, population density, and access to infrastructure and markets are matched against a similarly characterized, spatially-referenced (GIS) database. This process generates both spatial (map) and tabular representations of strategy-specific development domains. An important benefit of a spatial (GIS) framework is that it provides a powerful means of organizing and integrating a very diverse range of disciplinary and data inputs. At a more conceptual level we propose that it is the characterization of location, not the narrowly-focused characterization of land, that is more properly the focus of attention from a development perspective. The paper includes appropriate examples of spatial analysis using data from East Africa and Burkina Faso, and concludes with an appendix describing and interpreting regional climate and soil data for Sub-Saharan Africa that was directly relevant to our original goal. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/eptdp44.pdf 2.3M oai:ifpri.org:4039 2008-06-02 Are returns to public investment lower in less-favored rural areas?:an empirical analysis of India Fan, Shenggen Hazell, P. B. R. 1999 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Poverty India. Green Revolution India. Public investment. Agricultural productivity India. Agricultural research Evaluation. Developing countries allocate scarce government funds to investments in rural areas to achieve the twin goals of agricultural growth and poverty alleviation. Choices have to be made between different types of investments, especially infrastructure, human capital and agricultural research, and between different types of agricultural regions, e.g., irrigated and high- and low-potential rainfed areas. This paper develops an econometric approach and provides empirical evidence on the impact of government investments in rural India using district-level data. While irrigated areas played a key role in agricultural growth during the Green Revolution era, our results show that it is now the rainfed areas, including many less-favored areas that offer the most growth for an additional unit of investment. Moreover, investments in rainfed areas have a much larger impact on poverty alleviation, making this a win-win development strategy. These results have important policy implications, and challenge conventional thinking that public investments in rural India should always be targeted to irrigated and other high-potential areas. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/eptdp43.pdf 200K oai:ifpri.org:4137 2008-06-02 Horticultural exports of developing countries:past performances, future prospects, and policy issues Islam, Nurul 1990 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Horticultural products industry Developing countries. Exports Developing countries. oai:ifpri.org:4142 2008-06-02 Agricultural growth and structural changes in the Punjab economy:an input-output analysis Bhalla, G. S. Chadha, G. K. Kashyap, S. P. Sharma, R. K. 1990 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Agriculture Economic aspects India Punjab. Punjab (India) Economic conditions. Input-output analysis India Punjab. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/rr82.pdf 7.1M oai:ifpri.org:4155 2008-06-02 Developmental impact of rural infrastructure in Bangladesh Ahmed, Raisuddin Hossain, Mahabub 1990 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Infrastructure (Economics) Bangladesh. Rural development Bangladesh. Rural poor Bangladesh. oai:ifpri.org:4223 2008-06-02 Future directions for Indian irrigation:research and policy issues Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela, ed. Svendsen, Mark, ed. 1990 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Irrigation India. Irrigation efficiency India. Groundwater India. oai:ifpri.org:4309 2008-06-02 Income sources of malnourished people in rural areas:Microlevel information and policy implications von Braun, Joachim, ed. Pandya-Lorch, Rajul, ed. 1991 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Rural poor Developing countries. Income Developing countries. Rural poor Developing countries Nutrition. Malnutrition Developing countries. oai:ifpri.org:4387 2008-06-02 Developing a research and action agenda for examining urbanization and caregiving:examples from southern and eastern Africa Engle, Patrice L. Menon, Purnima. Garrett, James L. Slack, Alison T. 1997 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Child Feeding. Food handling Urban health. Urbanization Education Research. Gender Health and nutrition Education Childcare and work Livelihoods Urban programming SOUTHERN AFRICA EAST AFRICA The UNICEF-expanded model for nutrition is used to analyze the circumstances of care in urban environments. The model postulates that there are six major types of care behaviors: feeding and breast-feeding, food preparation and handling, hygiene behavior, psychosocial care, care for women, and home health practices. These behaviors require the resources of education and knowledge of the caregivers, the physical and mental health of caregivers, autonomy in decisionmaking, time availability, and the social support of the family and community in order to ensure adequate care for the child. This paper describes each of these constraints, and two of the behaviors (feeding and health care utilization) in urban and rural areas. Data from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) in eight countries in Eastern and Southern Africa were used to illustrate how existing data can be used to examine care, and what research questions remain to be addressed to understand care in the urban setting. A number of differences favor the urban environment over the rural environment: in general, child malnutrition is less (though this may not be true in poor urban areas), maternal education levels are higher, and knowledge of health care practices is greater. On the other hand, breast-feeding seems to be less frequent and of shorter duration. It is argued that care may be even more important in urban rather than rural settings for child health and survival in low-income neighborhoods. Caution is needed when comparing urban and rural areas, however, because there are often enormous care, health, and nutrition differences between poor-income and middle-to-high-income areas of cities. Through the application of the expanded UNICEF model, a research agenda was developed. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/dp28.pdf 295K oai:ifpri.org:4393 2008-06-02 Production and consumption of foodgrains in India:implications of accelerated economic growth and poverty alleviation Sarma, J. S. Gandhi, Vasant P. 1990 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Grain trade India. Wheat trade India. Food supply India. Nutrition India. Poor India. Poverty alleviation India. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/rr81.pdf 6.9M oai:ifpri.org:4413 2008-06-02 A 2020 vision for food, agriculture, and the environment:speeches made at an international conference, June 13-15, 1995 1995 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Food supply Congresses. Malnutrition Congresses. Food industry and trade Congresses. Agriculture Environmental aspects Congresses. Environmental protection Congresses. POVERTY FAMINE ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION oai:ifpri.org:4414 2008-06-02 Marketing policy reform and competitiveness:why integration and arbitrage costs matter Badiane, Ousmane 1998 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Markets Prices. Macroeconomics Models Ghana. The response of local markets to sectoral and macroeconomic policy changes is a key determinant of the long term impact of policy reforms on reforming economies. In other words, changes in arbitrage costs that are associated with policy reforms as well as the level of integration among local markets exert a strong influence of the economic outcome of reform programs. The objective of this paper is to explore this question theoretically and empirically. A model that can be used to capture the long term process that is involved has been developed and tested using data from Ghana. The model is later applied to analyze the outcomes of further liberalization of groundnut markets in Senegal. The findings highlights the potential cost of failing to pay sufficient attention, when liberalizing domestic markets, to the emergence of a competitive and efficient private distribution sector. The results also indicate that, when state-run processing sectors with monopoly power are involved, effective liberalization of pricing and marketing policies in all likelihood would not yield the anticipated benefits, unless accompanied with efforts to improve productivity and cut unit costs of production in the processing sector. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/dp22.pdf 292K oai:ifpri.org:4438 2008-06-02 Effects of exchange rate and trade policies on agriculture in Pakistan Dorosh, Paul A. Valdes, Alberto 1990 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Produce trade Government policy Pakistan. Agriculture prices Government policy Pakistan. Foreign exchange administration Pakistan. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/rr84.pdf 3.8M oai:ifpri.org:4445 2008-06-02 Workshop on non-timber tree product (NTTP) market research Witcover, Julie Vosti, Stephen A. 1995 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/eptws03.pdf 156K oai:ifpri.org:4465 2008-06-02 Why do migrants remit?:an analysis for the Dominican Sierra de la Briere, Benedicte de Janvry, Alain Lambert, Sylvie Sadoulet, Elisabeth 1997 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Migrant remittances Developing countries. Gender issues. Investments Social aspects. Family Economic aspects. Gender Household resource allocation Two contrasting hypotheses about what motivates Dominican migrants to send remittances to their rural parents in the Sierra are tested: (1) an investment in potential bequests and (2) an insurance contract between parents and migrant children. Remittances from young migrants, males, and migrants who want to return to the Sierra follow a pattern consistent with investment. In contrast, female migrants with no intention of returning to the Sierra play the role of insurers. The gender composition of the migrant siblings affects this remittance task-sharing, since women with no remitting brothers show interest in inheritance, while men with no sisters offer insurance. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/dp37.pdf 290K oai:ifpri.org:4467 2008-06-02 The GAPVU cash transfer program in Mozambique:an assessment Datt, Gaurav Payongayong, Ellen Garrett, James L. Ruel, Marie T. 1997 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Safety nets. Poverty alleviation Urban poor. Welfare recipients. evaluation Urban programming MOZAMBIQUE SOUTHERN AFRICA The GAPVU cash transfer program is an important safety net for urban Mozambique. The coverage of the program is impressive within the urban sector, reaching about 16 percent of all urban households. Although the mean transfer amount is just over a dollar per capita per month, it still represents about 13 percent of the beneficiaries' per capita consumption. Despite limited enforcement of means testing, nearly two-thirds of the beneficiary population are deemed to be absolutely poor by a modest poverty line. Net of GAPVU transfers, the proportion in poverty would have been above 70 percent. Limited evidence on nutritional and other nonconsumption indicators is suggestive of the GAPVU beneficiary households being more deprived than urban households in general. GAPVU transfer benefits are progressive among the beneficiary households, and are not confined to those near the poverty line. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/dp36.pdf 333K oai:ifpri.org:4476 2008-06-02 Conference on agricultural sustainability, growth, and poverty alleviation in East and Southeast Asia Witcover, Julie Rosegrant, Mark W. 1995 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Asia Economic conditions Congresses. China. Indonesia. Malaysia. Sustainable agriculture Asia. Natural resources Asia Management. Poverty alleviation. Economic development Asia, Southeastern. Economic development Asia, East. Philippines. Thailand. Viet Nam. This first in a series of regional conferences on this subject brought together more than fifty agricultural scientists and policymakers from China, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, and from international agricultural research centers and the Asian Development Bank to discuss how best to promote "sustainable agricultural intensification" natural resource management that safeguards productivity of the natural resource base while meeting economic growth and poverty alleviation objectives... What are the ingredients for success in bringing natural resource management into the set of objectives for policymakers and researchers? Conference participants brought a range of country experiences and policy and research perspectives different economic development paths; different government roles in shaping those strategies; different institutions and mechanisms for government planning; different population densities, country sizes, natural resource richness, and level of food security to the table for four days in grappling with this question. In the process of taking into consideration actors other than the government, levels other than the national, and mechanisms through which effective institutional links can be forged, the participants did not always reach consensus. Their debate, however, brought to light major issues to be researched and resolved along the way to "sustainable intensification." http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/eptws01.pdf 166K oai:ifpri.org:4505 2008-06-02 External impact assessment of IFPRI's 2020 Vision for Food, Agriculture and the Environment Initiative Paarlberg, Robert L. 1999 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Food security. Environmental protection. agricultural development poverty Developing countries. Impact assessment The 2020 Vision initiative of the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) was launched late in 1993, at a time of growing global complacency regarding international food security questions. The first phase of the 2020 Vision initiative (199396) featured the development of an innovative forward-looking partial equilibrium model of the international food and agriculture sector; the hosting of an extensive series of high profile conferences, workshops, and regional meetings; the publication and distribution of numerous substantive discussion papers, policy briefs, and regional synthesis papers; and the regular publication of a topical newsletter. The goal was to refocus attention on current and future challenges in areas such as food security, agricultural development, rural poverty, and environmental protection; to catalyze a new consensus on these issues within the international policy community; and to encourage policy leadersboth in the donor community and in the developing worldto commit more energy and resources to resolve food security concerns. The present report is an independent effort, commissioned by IFPRI, to measure the actual impact, to date, of this ongoing 2020 Vision initiative. The impacts examined include impacts on three different audiences: researchers and educators, international policy leaders, and developing-country policy leaders. For each of these audiences, an assessment is given as to whether the 2020 Vision initiative significantly reached the audience in question with its materials and messages; whether 2020 had an impact on the policy thinking of this audience; and whether 2020 actually catalyzed any new policy actions by this audience. 2020 activities, from materials published by other organizations working in the food security and agricultural development area, and from materials gathered from donors, international organizations, and the nongovernmental organization (NGO) community. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/iadp10.pdf 191K oai:ifpri.org:4546 2008-06-02 Food subsidies in developing countries:costs, benefits, and policy options Pinstrup-Andersen, Per, ed. 1988 Published for the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) by Johns Hopkins University Press Agricultural subsidies Developing countries. Food relief Developing countries. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/ppa88.pdf 19.4M oai:ifpri.org:4558 2008-06-02 Designing policy research on local organizations in natural resource management Scherr, Sara J. Buck, Louise Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela Jackson, Lee Ann 1995 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/eptws02.pdf 433K oai:ifpri.org:4579 2008-06-02 Wheat production in Bangladesh:technological, economic and policy issues Morris, Michael L. Chowdhury, Nuimuddin Meisner, Craig A. 1997 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Wheat trade Bangladesh. Wheat trade Government policy Bangladesh. Economic policies. Since the early 1970s, sustained government investment in irrigation facilities, rural infrastructure, agricultural research, and extension services has helped Bangladeshi farmers achieve dramatic increases in food production. Today Bangladesh is nearing self-sufficiency in rice, the major staple. Production of wheat, the second most important cereal, has also increased, although the country still imports significant quantities of wheat to meet rapidly growing domestic demand. While the government of Bangladesh continues to provide strong support to rice producers, its commitment to wheat farmers seems less firm. Some policymakers have gone so far as to question whether support to wheat should be scaled back, citing studies showing that wheat production is unprofitable and represents an inefficient use of resources. But is wheat production in Bangladesh really unprofitable for farmers and inefficient for the country? Researchers from the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) recently examined the arguments for and against wheat production in Bangladesh. In Wheat Production in Bangladesh: Technological, Economic, and Policy Issues, Research Report 106, Michael L. Morris, Nuimuddin Chowdhury, and Craig Meisner used a combination of financial and economic analysis to compare production of two irrigated crops (wheat and boro rice) and three nonirrigated crops (wheat, oilseeds, and pulses) in five wheat-growing zones. Their goal was to determine the extent to which government policies and market failures may have driven a wedge between financial and economic profitability. Whenever financial and economic profitability diverge, farmers experience distorted incentives, and policy reforms may be necessary to encourage them to act in ways that are consistent with efficiency objectives. oai:ifpri.org:4620 2008-06-02 Systematic client consultation in development:the case of food policy research in Ghana, India, Kenya, and Mali Babu, Suresh Chandra Brown, Lynn R. McClafferty, Bonnie 1997 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Research Methodology. Food policies. Decision-making. India. Ghana. Mali. Kenya. Successful food policy implementation is preceded by a defined policymaking process drawing from a sound information base. Yet too often the knowledge generated through food policy research does not become part of the local body of information and consequently is not used by policymakers. This leads to less than optimal food policies. This paper highlights the need for better linkages to be developed between the food research and food policymaking processes. We propose that a key component of the linkage is the integration of clients into the research process. This paper discusses the link between food policy researchers and one group of clientsfood policy decisionmakers. The paper first reviews the role of research and clients in the policymaking process and proposes a conceptual framework that integrates clients into the research process. Case studies utilizing client consultation in Ghana, India, Kenya, and Mali illustrate the hypothesis that integration of all client groups, including policy decisionmakers and in-country researchers, beginning at the priority-setting stage of the research process, may best influence ultimate policy decisions. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/dp38.pdf 233K oai:ifpri.org:4623 2008-06-02 Sociopolitical effects of new biotechnologies in developing countries Leisinger, Klaus M. 1996 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Food security. Biotechnology. Assuring food security for the next 25 years requires meeting a number of political, social, economic, and technical challenges. One of these is the successful use of new biotechnologies in agriculture. Research in recombinant genetics and biotechnology aims to develop plant varieties that provide reliable high yields at the same or lower costs by breeding in qualities such as resistance to disease, pests, and stress factors such as aridity. Realization of these goals could lead to tremendous gains in food production. However, biotechnology is now evoking the same objections that have been raised against the Green Revolution that its benefits are distributed inequitably in favor of the large, rich farmers and that it is potentially environmentally destructive. In this brief, Leisinger discusses the need for biotechnology and its sociopolitical ramifications and he looks at the roles played by the public and private sectors. In conclusion, the author states that biotechnology offers no silver bullet for food security there are no silver bullets but biotechnology is an important instrument in the difficult fight against hunger. The sociopolitical obstacles must be removed not only for the successful implementation of biotechnology, but also for an equitable and sustainable tomorrow for the world. oai:ifpri.org:4624 2008-06-02 The potential impact of AIDS on population and economic growth rates Brown, Lynn R. 1996 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) AIDS (Disease) Food security Africa, Sub-Saharan. Population forecasting Africa, Sub-Saharan. Economic development Africa, Sub-Saharan. This paper examines the current status of HIV/AIDS infection, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, and reviews existing models that look at the future impact that the disease is likely to have on population growth, economic growth, and food security, especially as it spreads to rural areas. Because population growth is considered by many to be the foremost problem facing developing countries in 2020, the paper addresses the question of whether population growth kept in check by AIDS mortality might lead to greater availability of food in 2020 than would be possible without AIDS. oai:ifpri.org:4628 2008-06-02 Strengthening policy analysis:econometric tests using microcomputer software Haddad, Lawrence James Westbrook, M. Daniel Driscoll, Danie. Payongayong, Ellen Rozen, Joshua Weeks, Melvyn 1995 Washington, D.C. : International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), 1995. Econometrics Computer programs "This ... is a manual outlining how to conduct some fairly basic econometric tests and procedures to determine the robustness of the estimated parameters upon which policy decisions are frequently based. ...[It] address[es] a number of issues relating to the choice of model variables, the choice of estimation method, and the sensitivity of results to missing or extreme data values" P. vii. oai:ifpri.org:4672 2008-06-02 Women:the key to food security Quisumbing, Agnes R. Brown, Lynn R. Feldstein, Hilary Sims Haddad, Lawrence James Pea, Christine 1995 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Women in agriculture. Food supply. Women in nutrition Household resource allocation Natural resource management Gender Property rights Health and nutrition Education Agricultural technology Agricultural growth "This food policy report synthesizes current research about the roles that women play in ensuring food security in the developing world" P. v. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/fpr21.pdf 1.0M oai:ifpri.org:4676 2008-06-02 Estimating a social accounting matrix using cross entropy methods Robinson, Sherman Cattaneo, Andrea El-Said, Moataz 1998 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Social accounting Mozambique. There is a continuing need to use recent and consistent multisectoral economic data to support policy analysis and the development of economywide models. Updating and estimating input-output tables and social accounting matrices (SAMs), which provides the underlying data framework for this type of model and analysis, for a recent year is a difficult and a challenging problem. The traditional RAS approach requires that we start with a consistent SAM for a particular year and update it for a later year given new information on row and column sums. This paper extends the RAS method by proposing a flexible cross entropy approach to estimating a consistent SAM starting from inconsistent data estimated with error, a common experience in many countries. The method is flexible and powerful when dealing with scattered and inconsistent data. It allows incorporating errors in variables, inequality constraints, and prior knowledge about any part of the SAM (not just row and column sums). Since the input-output accounts are contained within the SAM framework, updating an input-output table is a special case of the general SAM estimation problem. The paper describes the RAS procedure and cross entropy method, and compares the underlying information theory and classical statistical approaches to parameter estimation. An example is presented applying the cross entropy approach to data from Mozambique. An appendix includes a listing of the computer code in the GAMS language used in the procedure. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/tmdp33.pdf 251K oai:ifpri.org:4685 2008-06-02 Adding value through policy-oriented research:reflections of a scholar-practitioner Timmer, C. Peter 1998 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Social sciences Research. Prices Government policy Bangladesh. Indonesia Economic policy. Impact assessment Any evaluation of the benefits of policy-oriented social science research faces fundamental difficulties. These include the uncertainty in determining a causal link between research and the outcome of a policy or the value of a policy outcome. Nonetheless, firm connections can be established between policy research and policy outcomes if there are strong links that bridge the gaps between social science research and the various parts of the policy process. These connections can be established often enough to make it possible to learn about the relationship between research and outcome and the key variables that affect the social profitability of the underlying research. This essay uses the author's experience with agricultural price policies in Asia, Indonesia in particular, to examine these connections. Four issues pervade the analysis of price policy in Asia: How does an analyst know what policy is best? How can an analyst best communicate the results of research to policymakers? Can a new policy be implemented? Does the new policy work? This last issue, the evaluation of policy, is often neglected, but it can provide an important input into the design of policy and should be made an integral part of any policy process. The author's experience in Indonesia suggests four factors that can make policy-oriented research successful. First, the analyst should be involved with the same policymakers or in the same policy setting for the long term. Second, there is a need to find a balance between keeping analysis and advice confidential and the ultimate publication of the key models and results. Third, the analysts should rely on the analytical paradigms of the mainstream of the economic profession even while examining deviations from their underlying assumptions. Lastly, there should be continuing demand from policymakers for problem-oriented analysis. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/iadp04.pdf 145K oai:ifpri.org:4689 2008-06-02 Employment for poverty reduction and food security von Braun, Joachim, ed. 1995 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Poor Employment Government policy Developing countries. Poverty alleviation Developing countries. Full employment policies Developing countries. Nutrition policy Developing countries. Poor Developing countries Nutrition. Economic assistance, Domestic Developing countries. Food relief Developing countries food security employment SOUTH ASIA AFRICA CHINA INDIA BANGLADESH BOTSWANA TANZANIA NIGER ZIMBABWE LATIN AMERICA "Rapid expansion of employment in low-income countries is one of the biggest challenges of development. The growth in labor supply in developing countries will remain large for a long time to come. Incomes of the poor in rural areas will depend more and more on productive off-farm work, and in the rapidly expanding urban areas, food security will depend largely on jobs and wage rates" P. xiii. oai:ifpri.org:4715 2008-06-02 Computational tools for poverty measurement and analysis Datt, Gaurav 1998 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Income. Consumption (Economic theory) Poverty Research Methodology. India. This paper introduces some relatively straightforward computational tools for estimating poverty measures from the sort of data that are typically available from published sources. All that is required for using these tools is an elementary regression package. The methodology also easily lends itself to a number of poverty simulations, some of which are discussed. The paper addresses the central question: How do we construct poverty measures from grouped data on consumption and income? Two broad approaches can be identified: simple interpolation methods and methods based on parameterized Lorenz curves. The paper briefly describes the two approaches and discusses why the second may be considered preferable. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/dp50.pdf 118K oai:ifpri.org:4823 2008-06-02 Variability in grain yields:implications for agricultural research and policy in developing countries Anderson, Jock R. Hazell, P. B. R. 1989 Published for the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) by Johns Hopkins University Press Wheat trade Season variations Developing countries. Wheat trade Government policy Developing countries. Wheat Varieties Developing countries. Agricultural productivity Developing countries. Agricultural research Developing countries. Agricultural policy Developing countries. oai:ifpri.org:4825 2008-06-02 Urban food insecurity and malnutrition in developing countries:Trends, policies, and research implications von Braun, Joachim McComb, John Fred-Mensah, Ben K. Pandya-Lorch, Rajul 1993 International Food Policy Research Institute ( IFPRI) Food supply Developing countries. Malnutrition Developing countries. Urbanization Developing countries. Food policy oai:ifpri.org:4862 2008-06-02 Farm-level effects of soil degradation in Sharda Sahayak irrigation project. Joshi, P.K. Jha, D. (Dayanatha) 1991 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Irrigation Environmental aspects India Uttar Pradesh. Soil degradation India Uttar Pradesh. oai:ifpri.org:4864 2008-06-02 The public food distribution system in Bangladesh:a review of past impact studies and a plan for further analysis Alwang, Jeffrey 1991 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Food distribution Bangladesh. Food supply Bangladesh. Food relief Bangladesh. oai:ifpri.org:4869 2008-06-02 The effects of international remittances on poverty, inequality, and development in rural Egypt Adams, Richard H., Jr. 1991 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Rural development Egypt Finance. Emigrant remittances Egypt. Rural poor Egypt. Income distribution Egypt. Alien labor, Egyptian Economic conditions. Despite their importance, there has been little analysis and even less agreement about the effects of international remittances on the economies of labor-exporting countries. Do households with migrant workers "squander" the money earned abroad on newly desired consumer goods? Are remittances largely earned by the sons of already well-to-do households? Do remittances increase the degree of income inequality between richer and poorer rural households? In this report, the author examines these issues from the standpoint of a small area of rural Egypt. Adams uses income data from households with and without migrants to determine the effects of remittances on poverty, income distribution, and rural development. The study is based on a survey of 1,000 households conducted in 1 986/87 in three villages in Minya Governorate, a province about 250 kilometers south of Cairo. In a second round of the survey, 150 selected households were interviewed about their spending behavior. Although the research is based on rural Egypt, its findings are relevant for policymakers in other labor-exporting countries. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/rr86.pdf 3.1M oai:ifpri.org:4897 2008-06-02 Incentives and constraints in the transformation of Punjab agriculture McGuirk, Anya Mundlak, Yair 1991 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Agriculture Economic aspects India Punjab. Economic growth is driven by technical change. Understanding the many factors th