Efforts to increase smallholder access to improved varieties and quality seed is often central to agricultural development, economic growth and poverty reduction in low-income countries.

In situations with imperfect information, the way that value chain actors perceive each other is an important determinant of the value chain's structure and performance.

COVID-19 has revived focus on improving equitable access to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) and health services in developing countries. Most public programming tends to rely on economic indicators to identify and target vulnerable groups.