Smallholder farmers in developing countries face several different constraints limiting their ability to reach their production potential.

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 is endemic in Indonesia, where it is an important cause of disease in commercial, semi-commercial and backyard poultry flocks.

As part of the DFID-funded Pro-Poor HPAI Risk Reduction Project, a qualitative risk assessment was conducted for risk questions agreed during a stakeholder workshop in November, 2008, related to transmission of HPAI H5N1 between small-scale commer

The spatial distribution of disease risk and its visual presentation through risk maps can assist in the design of targeted animal disease surveillance and control strategies.

From 2006 to the present, 11 countries in Africa reported outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1: Egypt, Sudan, Djibouti, Niger, Nigeria, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Togo, Benin, and Cameroon.

Spatial analysis of the distribution of disease risk and its visual presentation through risk maps can be used to inform the design of animal disease surveillance resulting in more cost-effective strategies.

Governments in Asia used grain price stabilization as a major policy instrument when they began to promote the Green Revolution in the 1960s.

In developing countries across Asia, food marketing parastatals have played an important role in agricultural policy, especially with regard to government efforts to stabilize food prices.