After a period of relative stagnation in the 1990s, agricultural research and development (R&D) spending in Ghana increased dramatically after 2002.

Agricultural research and development (R&D) in Sierra Leone virtually ceased in the 1990s due to the ravages of civil war.

After three decades of fluctuating but overall diminishing public agricultural research and development (R&D) spending in Zambia, the downward trend of investment accelerated during 2001-08.

Since the early 1990s, public agricultural research and development (R&D) spending in Kenya has varied considerably from year to year, while agricultural research capacity showed a more stable trend.1 In 2008, Kenya spent 4.5 billion Kenyan sh

The Gambia is one of Africa’s smallest countries, so its agricultural research and development (R&D) capacity and investment levels are understandably low compared with most of its neighbors.

When Eritrea achieved independence from Ethiopia in 1993 after a long war, the country's economy was in ruins, and public infrastructure and institutions were seriously damaged or destroyed.

After a period of steady increases throughout the 1990s, public agricultural research and development (R&D) expenditures in Mauritius began to decline from 2002.