The paper develops a framework for the design and analysis of pluralistic agricultural advisory services and reviews research methods from different disciplines that can be used when applying the framework.

"This paper discusses how impact-oriented agricultural research for development systems in Africa can be better organized and managed.

Agricultural development policies and programs, including extension and support for innovation, implicitly assume that the whole target population has the ability to innovate.

"New technologies are critical to enhancing agricultural productivity and reducing poverty in many developing countries.