Agricultural research spending in Vietnam has increased steadily since 2000.

Malaysia’s total agricultural research spending remained stagnant in the decade leading to 2017, averaging around 0.9 to 1.0 billion ringgit per year (in constant 2011 prices).

Agricultural research investment in Thailand rose gradually during 2013–2017, largely driven by increased spending by the country’s livestock, forestry, and rice departments.

Indonesian agricultural R&D spending declined steadily in the decade leading to 2017 (in inflation-adjusted terms).

Despite a considerable increase in agricultural research spending in recent years, Cambodia is still grossly underinvesting.

Agricultural R&D capacity in Laos has risen steadily over time, but R&D expenditures have exhibited an erratic trend in recent years. In 2017, the country invested only 0.26 percent of its AgGDP in agricultural research.

PNG’s agricultural research expenditure declined steadily during 2013–2017 as the combined result of reductions in both donor and government funding. In 2017, PNG invested just 0.31 percent of its AgGDP in agricultural research.

Despite a considerable increase in agricultural research spending in recent years, Myanmar is still seriously underinvesting.

Agricultural research investment and human resource capacity in Nepal have grown rapidly in recent years in response to increased government funding; in 2016, the country invested 0.42 percent of its AgGDP in agricultural research.

Agricultural research investment and human resource capacity in Bangladesh have grown considerably in recent years, largely as a result of increased government and World Bank funding.

In 2016, Sri Lanka invested 0.62 percent of its AgGDP in agricultural research, representing an increase since 2010. Nevertheless, levels remained below those needed to address the country’s numerous productivity-related challenges.

A sourcebook on property rights and collective action for sustainable development

Achieving participation in planning and collective action among various stakeholders, even those with different or conflicting interests, is not impossible.

Close to one billion people worldwide depend directly on drylands for their livelihoods.

The use of economic games in the field to explore how people’s decisions affect individual and collective well-being has increased over the last few years as a tool to study economic behavior (Table 1).

Working with communities or groups within communities and helping them to reach their goals is a challenge.

Although many of the poor in the developing world are landless, most of the rural poor have some access to land. The landed poor are a heterogeneous group who hold rights to their landed assets in diverse and complicated ways.

Community participation is recognized as an essential part of equitable and sustainable watershed management.

Participatory application of planning methods such as logical framework analysis empowers local stakeholders to make decisions.

Through collective action, forest users, fishers, irrigators, herders, and other rural producers improve and sustain resources vital for their lives.