Research since the 1990s highlights the importance of tenure rights for sustainable natural resource management, and for alleviating poverty and enhancing nutrition and food security for the 3.14 billion rural inhabitants of less-developed countries who rely on forests and agriculture for their livelihoods

Gender relations shape women’s and men’s identities, norms, rules, and responsibilities. They influence people’s access to, use, and management of land and other natural resources, including ownership, tenure, and user rights to land and forests.

While agriculture has been resilient to the health crisis in comparison with the service and industry sectors, the sector's resiliency is gradually being corroded by climate change, with lasting, harmful effects for agriculture and food systems

Focusing on offsetting climate change impacts on hunger through investment in agricultural research, water management, and rural infrastructure in developing countries.

Agricultural research spending in Vietnam has increased steadily since 2000.

Malaysia’s total agricultural research spending remained stagnant in the decade leading to 2017, averaging around 0.9 to 1.0 billion ringgit per year (in constant 2011 prices).

Agricultural research investment in Thailand rose gradually during 2013–2017, largely driven by increased spending by the country’s livestock, forestry, and rice departments.

Indonesian agricultural R&D spending declined steadily in the decade leading to 2017 (in inflation-adjusted terms).

Despite a considerable increase in agricultural research spending in recent years, Cambodia is still grossly underinvesting.

Agricultural R&D capacity in Laos has risen steadily over time, but R&D expenditures have exhibited an erratic trend in recent years. In 2017, the country invested only 0.26 percent of its AgGDP in agricultural research.

PNG’s agricultural research expenditure declined steadily during 2013–2017 as the combined result of reductions in both donor and government funding. In 2017, PNG invested just 0.31 percent of its AgGDP in agricultural research.

Despite a considerable increase in agricultural research spending in recent years, Myanmar is still seriously underinvesting.

Agricultural research investment and human resource capacity in Nepal have grown rapidly in recent years in response to increased government funding; in 2016, the country invested 0.42 percent of its AgGDP in agricultural research.

Agricultural research investment and human resource capacity in Bangladesh have grown considerably in recent years, largely as a result of increased government and World Bank funding.

In 2016, Sri Lanka invested 0.62 percent of its AgGDP in agricultural research, representing an increase since 2010. Nevertheless, levels remained below those needed to address the country’s numerous productivity-related challenges.

Ethiopia has made consistent progress in improving development indicators, but vulnerability to extreme weather events is a continuing concern, especially for people reliant on agriculture for their livelihoods.

The agriculture sector is key for economic and social development, but the sector’s potential has not received enough attention from policy makers and stakeholders in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region.

Value chains and agricultural commercialization are increasingly promoted as mechanisms for agricultural transformation, inclusive growth, and, more recently, improved food security and diets.