Cluster farming is increasingly recognized as a viable means of improving smallholder economic integration and commercialization in many developing countries. However, little is known about its impact on smallholder welfare and livelihoods.

Public expenditures (PEs) are critical for key public-sector functions that contribute to the development and welfare improvements.

Concerns over the potential effects of the COVID‐19 pandemic have led to trade restrictions by major rice exporters, contributing to an average 25% increase in Thai and Vietnamese rice export prices between December 2019 and March–September 2020.

The food system, and those who depend on it, have been strongly but unevenly affected by COVID‐19.