Objectives: Designing survey questions that clearly and precisely communicate the question's intent and elicit responses based on the intended interpretation is critical but often undervalued.

Objectives: Women's self-help groups (SHGs), which operate at large scale in India, are an important platform for delivering behaviour change communication (BCC) and social support interventions to rural women.

Objectives: Women's self-help groups (SHGs) have become one of the world's largest institutional platforms of the poor, reaching over 70 million Indian women in 2020.

South Asian countries carry the largest burden of undernutrition globally. The World Health Organization has recommended a set of Essential Nutrition Actions (ENA) to tackle all forms of malnutrition.

Anemia is globally recognized as an important public health problem in women and children, thus the consequences of anemia have predominantly been described in these two groups.

Secondary data analysis in Bangladesh has found associations across agricultural production, women's empowerment, and nutrition outcomes.

Low BMI among women and girls has implications for their health and that of the next generation. Yet, little is known about the determinants of low BMI despite the known high burden of undernutrition in India.

With the aim of contributing to this emerging literature, we investigated: (i) how MDD-W is linked to household food insecurity based on the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) and on the Household Hunger Scale (HHS); (ii) how MDD-W is