In this paper we present analysis on the recent historical trend in agriculture in the Eastern and Southern Africa (ESA) region, along with analysis of recent historical trends in temperature and precipitation.

Smallholder farmers in low- and medium-income countries lack sufficient access to agricultural production credit that can help them adopt new technologies and improve their farm production.

Africa’s food systems need to provide sufficient affordable, nutritious food for Africa’s population, whilst generating income and employment to support the continent’s economic and social development.

El Niño is a phase in an irregular periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the Pacific Ocean. It occurs on average every 2 to 7 years and typically lasts between 9 months and 2 years.

Climate change is not projected to materially alter Malawi’s climate profile. Instead, it is likely to exacerbate existing climate vulnerabilities by increasing the frequency and intensity of cyclones, floods, and droughts.

Substantial model variability exists regarding the likely meteorological impact of climate change on Kenya, particularly with respect to future precipitation levels.

Mozambique is already vulnerable to extreme weather events and climate change is projected to exacerbate their frequency and intensity. The occurrence of cyclones and flooding has increased in recent years and the trend is expected to continue.

Climate change is projected to cause an increase in average temperatures in Zambia and a decline in rainfall, particularly in the southern and western regions.

Changes in frequency and intensity of climate and weather events are a key challenge to agricultural production among farmers in Zambia.

The 2019 Malawi Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) follows IFPRI's Standard Nexus SAM approach, by focusing on consistency, comparability, and transparency of data.

Dysfunctions in food systems in developing countries prevent many people from consuming a healthy diet (FAO et al. 2021), and Kenya is no exception. Globally, poor-quality diets are the leading cause of all forms of malnutrition (Afshin et al.

Throughout Africa, climate change is posing severe challenges to agricultural production and food security.

Several countries across the developing world have designed and implemented agricultural export incentives. However, little is known about the effects of these policies on various aspects of domestic food security.

Malawi experienced modest growth from 2009 to 2019, with average annual GDP growth of 4.7 percent.

Mozambique was one of the fastest-growing countries in sub-Saharan Africa between 2009 and 2014, with annual growth averaging about 7 percent (INE 2020; World Bank 2023a).

Zambia experienced modest economic growth of 4.8 percent per year between 2010 and 2019 (ZamStats 2020). Most growth occurred in the earlier part of the decade.

Kenya experienced significant economic development in the 2009 to 2019 period. Gross domestic product (GDP)—an indicator of the economy’s size—expanded by an annual average of 5 percent (KNBS 2022).

Globally, poor-quality diets are the leading cause of all forms of malnutrition, and the simultaneous occurrence of both under- and overconsumption within the same populations and even within the same households is increasingly common.