In 2022, the world faced multiple crises.

Migration is a recurrent, complex, and multidimensional phenomenon driven by a broad set of factors.

Achieving gender equality and women’s empowerment in food systems can result in greater food security and better nutrition, as well as more just, resilient and sustainable food systems for all.

As the coronavirus pandemic reached every corner of the world, countries responded rapidly with an array of policies to stop it, and then with social and economic policies to protect food security, incomes, and livelihoods.

The chapter examines whether contract farming confers benefits primarily to large farmers in practice and how we may be able to make smallholders significantly better off by introducing new profitable crops and livestock products.

Chapter 12, “Urbanization and Structural Transformation,” describes patterns of urbanization in Ethiopia and government policy to promote development of secondary cities.

Using the SAM multiplier model for Egypt, we simulate the individual and combined effects of a collapse in the tourism sector and reductions in Suez Canal revenues and in foreign remittances under more and less pessimistic scenarios.

In response to the COVID-19 outbreak in December 2019, China implemented a nationwide travel blockade and quarantine policy that required all public spaces, businesses, and schools to shut their doors until further notice and placed restrictions o

The COVID-19 pandemic and government lockdown in Myanmar have led to falling exports and lost revenue from tourism and international remittances, hitting the economy hard.

India has taken early action to limit the spread of COVID-19, ordering a 21-day nationwide lockdown for its population of 1.3 billion people starting March 25. Subsequently the lockdown was renewed three more times before May 31.

African governments have made youth employment a policy priority, and African youth are demanding policies that improve their job prospects.

Humanitarian interventions that have the greatest likelihood of success involve investing in local agrifood systems and including conflict-affected people in strategies for building, reviving, or strengthening these systems.

Chapter 8 combine household and firm level analysis for Tanzania to examine what determines the success of rural nonfarm enterprises, including the role of young entrepreneurs.

Chapter 5 focuses on Ethiopia’s land constraints and asks if this is driving youth off the farm and into the rural nonfarm economy.

Chapter 9 on Senegal pays particular attention to international migration and whether young migrants are contributing to rural transformation in their home country.

Chapter 10 concludes by summarizing the major findings and discusses their implications for youth employment and inclusive growth in rural Africa.

Chapter 6 addresses Malawi’s weak agricultural transformation, and asks if rural households, particularly youth, are engaging in multiple forms of employment that may not be adequately reflected in national data.

Chapter 2 uses new household survey data to investigate youth migration patterns in four African countries, paying particular attention to the effect of land scarcity on young people’s decision to migrate to urban centres.

Chapter 7 reflects Ghana’s later stage of development by focusing on the link between urban development and the livelihoods available to rural youth living close to cities or towns.

Chapter 3 reviews national policies in 13 African countries, and uses a novel approach to classify policies according to the employment constraints they address.