Agricultural research spending in Vietnam has increased steadily since 2000.

Malaysia’s total agricultural research spending remained stagnant in the decade leading to 2017, averaging around 0.9 to 1.0 billion ringgit per year (in constant 2011 prices).

Agricultural research investment in Thailand rose gradually during 2013–2017, largely driven by increased spending by the country’s livestock, forestry, and rice departments.

Indonesian agricultural R&D spending declined steadily in the decade leading to 2017 (in inflation-adjusted terms).

Despite a considerable increase in agricultural research spending in recent years, Cambodia is still grossly underinvesting.

Agricultural R&D capacity in Laos has risen steadily over time, but R&D expenditures have exhibited an erratic trend in recent years. In 2017, the country invested only 0.26 percent of its AgGDP in agricultural research.

PNG’s agricultural research expenditure declined steadily during 2013–2017 as the combined result of reductions in both donor and government funding. In 2017, PNG invested just 0.31 percent of its AgGDP in agricultural research.

Despite a considerable increase in agricultural research spending in recent years, Myanmar is still seriously underinvesting.

Agricultural research investment and human resource capacity in Nepal have grown rapidly in recent years in response to increased government funding; in 2016, the country invested 0.42 percent of its AgGDP in agricultural research.

Agricultural research investment and human resource capacity in Bangladesh have grown considerably in recent years, largely as a result of increased government and World Bank funding.

In 2016, Sri Lanka invested 0.62 percent of its AgGDP in agricultural research, representing an increase since 2010. Nevertheless, levels remained below those needed to address the country’s numerous productivity-related challenges.

After a period of relative stagnation in the 1990s, agricultural research and development (R&D) spending in Ghana increased dramatically after 2002.

Agricultural research and development (R&D) in Sierra Leone virtually ceased in the 1990s due to the ravages of civil war.

After three decades of fluctuating but overall diminishing public agricultural research and development (R&D) spending in Zambia, the downward trend of investment accelerated during 2001-08.

Since the early 1990s, public agricultural research and development (R&D) spending in Kenya has varied considerably from year to year, while agricultural research capacity showed a more stable trend.1 In 2008, Kenya spent 4.5 billion Kenyan sh

The Gambia is one of Africa’s smallest countries, so its agricultural research and development (R&D) capacity and investment levels are understandably low compared with most of its neighbors.

When Eritrea achieved independence from Ethiopia in 1993 after a long war, the country's economy was in ruins, and public infrastructure and institutions were seriously damaged or destroyed.

After a period of steady increases throughout the 1990s, public agricultural research and development (R&D) expenditures in Mauritius began to decline from 2002.

Quantitative data are important in measuring, monitoring, and benchmarking the inputs, outputs, and performance of agricultural science and technology (S&T) systems.

"Quantitative data are important in measuring, monitoring, and benchmarking the inputs, outputs, and performance of agricultural science and technology (S&T) systems.