Ricky Robertson

Adapting irrigated and rainfed wheat to climate change in semi-arid environments: Management, breeding options and land use change

El Niño-Southern oscillation impacts on agriculture and the national economy

A range of interventions have been identified that, if implemented, could help mitigate the adverse effects of climate shocks, such as El Niño- Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events, on the Ethiopian economy and the food security of its population. As outlined in Chapter 2, these interventions include, among others, on-farm investments in technology and irrigation infrastructure, investments in roads and grain storage facilities to expand and stabilize food markets, and social transfers to provide households with a cushion against immediate crises and opportunities for longer-term recovery. However, resource constraints and competing interests mean that there are sometimes trade-offs associated with pursuing policies aimed at building resilience to climate shocks versus policies aimed at achieving other development objectives. Therefore, to motivate resilience-building policies, it is necessary to assess the costs of inaction; to measure policy effectiveness using recognized outcome indicators; and to identify synergies between, say, resilience and development interventions and objectives.

Striking a balance: Managing El Niño and La Niña in Lao PDR’s agriculture

This report’s purpose is to help Lao policy makers and stakeholders prepare for future El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. It does this by providing information on ENSO’s poverty, economic, and agricultural impacts in Lao PDR and outlining ways forward. The report finds that ENSO’s impacts vary from region to region and harm Lao PDR’s people, economy, and agricultural sector. The country has sought to prepare for climate risks through climate change adaptation and disaster risk management but could do more to prepare specifically for ENSO events. Preparing for ENSO is important because of Lao PDR’s exposure to ENSO-related climate shocks, the importance of agriculture in the national economy, the rural population’s climate and economic vulnerability, and the lack of research on ENSO in Lao PDR.This report is timely given the lack of research on ENSO in Lao PDR and the high likelihood the country will face another El Niño in the near term. It is difficult to disentangle ENSO’s impacts from those of other climate shocks, natural disasters,and economic cycles. This makes it more difficult to design policies and response mechanisms that help mitigate ENSO-related welfare losses and economic damages.This report evaluates El Niño and La Niña’s impacts on Lao PDR’s agricultural sector particularly crops, livestock, and fisheries—and how these have implications for the economy and society. It then looks at the actions undertaken by the Lao government to mitigate the losses associated with climate risks. This includes actions to prepare and respond to climate change and natural disasters. Next, the report simulates how well certain policy options mitigate ENSO-related GDP and welfare losses. It concludes by recommending actions to enhance Lao PDR’s preparedness for future ENSO events.