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Eliot Jones-Garcia

Eliot Jones-Garcia is a Senior Research Analyst with the Natural Resources and Resilience Unit based in Washington, DC. His research focuses on human-AI interaction, user-centered design, and the ethical and responsible development of AI. Eliot is currently finalizing a PhD on the digitalization of agricultural advisory services at Wageningen University & Research.

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experts

Development Strategies and Governance

Shima Mohamed

Research Analyst

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Shima Mohamed

Bio

Shima Mohamed is a Research Analyst in the Development and Strategies and Governance Unit. She is an economist with over 10 years of experience and a strong interest in political economy, fragility, private sector development, and the role of micro, small, and medium enterprises. Shima’s prior experience includes working as a consultant at the World Bank Sudan Country Office. She also served as a researcher at the International Growth Center (IGC) London School of Economics, and as an economist in the office of the Prime Minister of Sudan, where she provided critical economic insights and policy recommendations to support Sudan’s economic transition. Shima holds a BSc Honors Degree in Economics from Khartoum University (2012), and an MA in Public Policy from Peking University (2014).

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Publications

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Working Paper

Rural livelihoods under prolonged conflict: Evidence from a panel household survey in Sudan

2025Nigus, Halefom Yigzaw; Abushama, Hala; Rakhy, Tarig; Mohamed, Shima; Siddig, Khalid; Kirui, Oliver K.
Details

Rural livelihoods under prolonged conflict: Evidence from a panel household survey in Sudan

This report presents evidence from the Sudan Rural Household Survey of 2023 and 2024, a two-wave panel survey that assesses how rural households are navigating prolonged conflict. By tracking the same households over time, the survey provides longitudinal insights into livelihoods, food security, access to markets and productive resources, and exposure to shocks across an insecure and rapidly evolving context. The findings from the survey data analysis point to an uneven pattern of economic adjustment by households rather than sustained recovery. Rural households are actively adapting through changes in livelihood strategies, income diversification, and increased participation of household members in income-generating activities. Compared to 2023, fewer households reported in 2024 having no employment. Engagement in salaried work and agriculture also rose. Despite these shifts, income losses remain widespread. Only a small share of households reported improved earnings in 2024, indicating that adaptation is largely driven by necessity rather than durable recovery. Food consumption outcomes improved markedly between survey waves, with substantial declines in the share of households in 2024 reporting poor or borderline diets. At the same time, experience-based measures show that food insecurity remains pervasive, with more than half of rural households facing moderate or severe food insecurity. There has been little change in the prevalence of severe food insecurity. The continuing food insecurity challenges underscore the fragility of recent gains and the continued vulnerability of many households.

Year published

2025

Authors

Nigus, Halefom Yigzaw; Abushama, Hala; Rakhy, Tarig; Mohamed, Shima; Siddig, Khalid; Kirui, Oliver K.

Citation

Nigus, Halefom Yigzaw; Abushama, Hala; Rakhy, Tarig; Mohamed, Shima; Siddig, Khalid; and Kirui, Oliver K. 2025. Rural livelihoods under prolonged conflict: Evidence from a panel household survey in Sudan. Sudan SSP Working Paper 25. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/179368

Country/Region

Sudan

Keywords

Africa; Northern Africa; Food Security; Conflicts; Livelihoods; Households; Surveys

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Source

Source record

Record type

Working Paper

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Report

Essential commodities prices, availability, and market actors’ perceptions: November 2025

2025Abushama, Hala; Rakhy, Tarig; Mohamed, Shima; Nigus, Halefom Yigzaw; Adam, Abdelhafiz; Siddig, Khalid
Details

Essential commodities prices, availability, and market actors’ perceptions: November 2025

Sudan’s markets in November 2025 showed continued, albeit uneven, stabilization. Prices of most essential commodities remained broadly stable, supported by seasonal harvest effects and improved availability. Wheat prices increased modestly due to slightly lower availability, while sorghum prices remained low and stable. Prices of lentils and rice were largely unchanged, pigeon pea prices declined, and vegetable prices showed mixed trends with improvements in onion availability and quality. Oilseeds, sugar, cooking oil, and fava bean prices were generally stable or declining, despite persistent inter-state disparities. Meat prices continued to rise for lamb and beef, while chicken prices stabilized and milk prices declined. Fuel prices stabilized following earlier volatility, with improved availability in regular markets, though parallel market prices remained high. Fertilizer prices were stable, but perceived availability declined. Exchange rate pressures persisted, marked by a widening gap between official and parallel rates. Market functioning improved, with fewer merchants reporting supply chain, financial, and liquidity constraints, and minimal challenges related to storage, power, labor, and market safety. Profitability stabilized, tax and fee payments increased further, and most merchants expect to maintain current trading levels, signaling cautious but stable market outlooks.

Year published

2025

Authors

Abushama, Hala; Rakhy, Tarig; Mohamed, Shima; Nigus, Halefom Yigzaw; Adam, Abdelhafiz; Siddig, Khalid

Citation

Abushama, Hala; Rakhy, Tarig; Mohamed, Shima; Nigus, Halefom Yigzaw; Adam, Abdelhafiz; and Siddig, Khalid. 2025. Essential commodities prices, availability, and market actors’ perceptions: November 2025. Sudan Market Prices and Availability Report 10. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/179395

Country/Region

Sudan

Keywords

Africa; Northern Africa; Capacity Building; Commodities; Prices; Markets; Price Stabilization; Economic Stabilization

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open Access

Source

Source record

Record type

Report

Resource thumbnail

Report

Essential commodities prices, availability, and market actors’ perceptions: October 2025

2025Rakhy, Tariq; Abushama, Hala; Mohamed, Shima; Nigus, Halefom Yigzaw; Siddig, Khalid
Details

Essential commodities prices, availability, and market actors’ perceptions: October 2025

Sudan’s markets in October 2025 showed relative stability with several commodities experiencing improved availability and quality. Wheat and wheat flour prices declined, while sorghum, millet, vegetables, lentils, meat, oilseeds, and sugar showed mixed but generally stable trends. Fuel prices fell early in the month before stabilizing, and fertilizer prices remained steady with better availability. Regional disparities persisted, with Darfur, Kordofan, and parts of Blue Nile continuing to record the highest prices for many goods due to conflict, transport disruptions, and liquidity constraints. Supply chain problems increased compared with September, driven by security concerns, high transport costs, exchange rate pressures, and limited cash access. Most merchants reported no major challenges related to storage, power, or hiring workers, although market safety concerns rose slightly, especially in North Darfur. Tax compliance increased at the federal level but remained highest at state and locality levels. Despite ongoing challenges, merchants continued to show resilience: over half plan to maintain current trade levels, nearly one-third expect to expand, and only small shares intend to reduce trade, change commodities, or relocate, although uncertainty increased modestly.

Year published

2025

Authors

Rakhy, Tariq; Abushama, Hala; Mohamed, Shima; Nigus, Halefom Yigzaw; Siddig, Khalid

Citation

Rakhy, Tariq; Abushama, Hala; Mohamed, Shima; Nigus, Halefom Yigzaw; and Siddig, Khalid. 2025. Essential commodities prices, availability, and market actors’ perceptions: October 2025. Sudan Market Prices and Availability Report 9. Khartoum, Sudan: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/178285

Country/Region

Sudan

Keywords

Africa; Northern Africa; Commodities; Prices; Markets; Shock; Exchange Rate

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Source

Source record

Record type

Report